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2013年高考英語復(fù)習(xí)：虛擬語氣
難點形成原因：
1．學(xué)習(xí)過程太零碎，不系統(tǒng)。
2．分不清什么時候使用，怎么使用。
3．一些固定用法記不住。
解決辦法：
虛擬語氣通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示。由于虛擬語氣表達(dá)的是與事實相反的行為狀態(tài)，其謂語動詞的變化不同于陳述語氣，這也是大家感到困惑和容易出錯的地方。做此類題目時，關(guān)鍵要迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)解題信息詞，確定虛擬語氣類型，然后按各類虛擬語氣的特定表達(dá)方式確定動詞的形式。
用法講解：
虛擬語氣表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而僅是一種愿望、建議或者與事實相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。
1．條件從句中的虛擬語氣
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主句謂語形式 |
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與現(xiàn)在的事實相反 |
did／were |
would do |
I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him. ? ? |
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與過去事實相反 |
had done |
would have done |
If Bob had come with us, he would have had a good time. ? ? |
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與將來事實相反 |
did／were |
would do |
We would stay at home if it should rain tomorrow. |
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were to do |
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should do |
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混合虛擬 |
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had done |
would do |
It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I had not fallen in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. (2002上海) |
含蓄虛擬條件句
有時假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來，而是通過一個介詞短語或其他方式表示。通常的詞或短語有：without"如果沒有", but for "要不是", but that, otherwise, or, but等。
He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal. (2001上海春季)
But for my classmates’ help, I would not have finished the work in time. (2004三級題)
Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth would not grow well. ( 2004三級題)
注意：在虛擬條件句中，若有動詞were, should或had（+過去分詞），可以省略if，且把這三個詞放在主句之前，變成倒裝句。如：
What would have happened, had Bob walked farther, as far as the riverbank? (2001上海)
Had I realized you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions. (1996三級題)
Had the weather been good, the children could have gone out for a walk. (2001三級題)
Had he taken the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business. (2004三級題)
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動詞 |
虛擬情況 |
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wish |
與將來事實相反 |
would do |
I wish I would go to the Mars one day. |
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與現(xiàn)在的事實相反 |
did／were |
How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden. (2002上海春季) |
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與過去事實相反 |
had done |
Peter wishes that he had studied law instead of literature when he was in college. (2000三級題) |
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would rather |
與將來或現(xiàn)在事實相反 |
did ／were |
– Do you mind if I keep pets in this building? -- I’d rather you didn’t, actually. (2000上海) |
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命令order , command 要求request, demand, insist 建議suggest, propose, recommend, advise |
should do (should可以省略) |
Who do you suggest be sent to work there? (2002上海) |
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had hoped“本來想要，本來希望” |
would done |
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China. |
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注意：表命令、請求、建議的詞order; request, demand, insist; suggest, propose, recommend, advise其表語從句、同位語從句、主語從句的謂語動詞都要用should do的形式，should可以省略。但當(dāng)insist表示 “堅持說”, suggest表示 “暗示,表明”時,不用虛擬語氣。
The general's command was that the soldiers leave their fort and carry out more important tasks. (表語從句, 省略should, 2002三級題)
Her suggestion that everybody sing a song was not appreciated. (同位語從句, 省略should, 2001三級題)
She insisted that he was wrong. 她堅持說他錯了。
His pale face suggests that he is in bad health. 他面色蒼白，說明他身體不好。
3. 特殊句型中的虛擬語氣
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虛擬情況 |
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if only引起的感嘆句
“要是 |
與現(xiàn)在或未來事實相反的愿望 |
would do／were |
If only he were here! 要是他在這兒就好了。 |
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與過去事實相反的愿望 |
had done |
Look at the trouble I am in! If only I had followed your advice. (2003上海春季) |
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It is (high/about) time sb. should do/ did…… “該是……的時候了” 注意：should不能省略 |
Let’s finish our homework in a few seconds. It’s time we played football. (04三級題) |
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It is (或was) + 形容詞(或過去分詞) + that……+should + 動詞原形…… 常用的形容詞：necessary, important,essential
常用的過去分詞: (表命令、請求、建議的詞) |
It is necessary that we (should) have a walk now.
It is required that nobody (should) smoke here. |
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as if和as though引起的虛擬語氣 |
與現(xiàn)在事實相反 |
did/ were |
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken. (NMET 1995) |
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與過去事實相反 |
had done |
You are talking as if you had seen them. |
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注意：
1. 以上虛擬從句中的would可根據(jù)具體語言環(huán)境用could, might, should來代替。
2. 如果as if和as though后面的從句所表示的情況是真實的或很可能是真實的，則動詞可以用陳述語氣，在feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste之后尤其如此。試比較：
He walks as if he is drunk.
He walks as if he were drunk.
第一句表示“他已經(jīng)醉了”，第2句則表示“他沒有醉”。
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