2015年湖北考研《英語》模擬試題及答案三
湖北2015年考研《英語》模擬試題及答案三
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Driving through snowstorm on icy roads for long distances is a most nerve-racking experience. It is a paradox that the snow, coming __1__ gently, blowing gleefully in a high wind, all the while __2__ down a treacherous carpet, freezes the windows,__3__ the view. The might of automated man is__4__ . The horses, the powerful electrical systems, the deep-tread tires, all go __5__ nothing. One minute the road feels __6__, and the next the driver is sliding over it, light as a__7__, in a panic, wondering what the heavy trailer trucks coming up__8__the rear are going to do. The trucks are like __9__ when you have to pass them, not at sixty or seventy __10__ you do when the road is dry, but at twenty-five and thirty. __11__ their engines sound unnaturally loud. Snow, slush and__12__ of ice spray from beneath the wheels, obscure the windshield, and rattle __13__your car. Beneath the wheels there is plenty of __14__ for you to slide and get mashed to a pulp. Inch __15__ inch you move up, past the rear wheels, the center wheels, the cab, the front wheels, all__16__too slowly by. Straight ahead you continue,__17__ to cut over sharply would send you into a slip,__18__in front of the vehicle. At last, there is__19__enough, and you creep back over, in front of the truck now, but__20__the sound of its engine still thundering in your ears.
1. [A] up [B] off [C] down [D] on
2. [A] lies [B] lays [C] settles [D] sends
3. [A] blocks [B] strikes [C] puffs [D] cancels
4. [A] muted [B] discovered [C] doubled [D] undervalued
5. [A] for [B] with [C] into [D] from
6. [A] comfortable [B] weak [C] risky [D] firm
7. [A] loaf [B] feather [C] leaf [D] fog
8. [A] beneath [B] from [C] under [D] beyond
9. [A] dwarfs [B] giants [C] patients [D] princesses
10. [A] what [B] since [C] as [D] that
11. [A] So [B] But [C] Or [D] Then
12. [A] flakes [B] flocks [C] chips [D] cakes
13. [A] onto [B] against [C] off [D] along
14. [A] snow [B] earth [C] room [D] ice
15. [A] by [B] after [C] for [D] with
16. [A] climbing [B] crawling [C] winding [D] sliding
17. [A] meanwhile [B] unless [C] whereas [D] for
18. [A] sheer [B] mostly [C] rarely [D] right
19. [A] might [B] distance [C] air [D] power
20. [A] with [B] like [C] inside [D] upon
答案
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.C
11.D 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.D 18.D 19.B 20.A
總體分析
本文描述了在冰雪覆蓋的路面上開車的經(jīng)歷。文章首句為主題句,概括了這種經(jīng)歷的特點(diǎn)是“令人非常緊張”。第二至四句分別介紹了下雪帶來的隱患和機(jī)器變得沒有多大用處。從第五句到文章最后則描述了在這種不利條件下和大卡車一同行駛的緊張經(jīng)歷。
試題精解
1.[精解] 本題考查短語動(dòng)詞辨析??崭裉幪钊氲母痹~與動(dòng)詞come搭配,其分詞形式作后置定語,修飾限定主語the snow。come down指“(雨、雪等)落下,降落”,如:The rain came down in torrents.(大雨滂沱。)因此[C]符合文意,在文中指“大雪飄落”。
come down也可意為“崩塌;(飛機(jī))著陸;(價(jià)格、溫度、比例)下降;下垂,向下延伸”,如:The ceiling came down.(天花板塌了下來。)Gas is coming down in price.(煤氣價(jià)格在下降。)come up意為“破土而出;升起;即將發(fā)生”,如:The daffodils are just beginning to come up.(水仙花剛開始破土發(fā)芽。)watch the sun come up(觀看日出)。Her birthday is coming up.(她的生日即將來臨。)come off意為“能被去掉或除去;發(fā)生;(計(jì)劃等)成功”,如:That mark won’t come off.(那污點(diǎn)去不掉。)Did the trip to Korea come off?(去韓國(guó)的事最后成了嗎?)come on意為“改進(jìn),發(fā)展;開始”,如:The project is coming on fine.(這項(xiàng)工程進(jìn)展順利。)I think there’s rain coming on.(我看要下雨了。)
2.[精解] 本題考查短語動(dòng)詞辨析??崭裉幪钊氲膭?dòng)詞與down搭配,相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,其主語是the snow,賓語是a treacherous carpet。lie down意為“躺下”;lay down意為“放下;記下;擬定”,如:lay down the arms/the rules(放下武器/制定規(guī)則);settle down意為“安下心來,定居”;send down只能接sb.作賓語,意為“判某人入獄”,如:He was sent down for ten years for armed robbery.(他因持械搶劫被判入獄十年。)因此[B]符合文意,意為“(大雪)吹落(一塊毯子)”。
3.[精解] 本題考查動(dòng)詞辨析??崭裉幪钊氲膭?dòng)詞接the view作賓語,而且它與前面的2 down和freezes并列作謂語,其主語都是the snow。作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),block意為“堵塞,阻塞”,如:to block the road(堵住了道路)。strike意為“撞擊,打擊,侵襲”,如:The ship struck a rock.(船觸礁了。)The area was struck by an outbreak of plague.(這個(gè)地區(qū)爆發(fā)了瘟疫。)puff意為“吸,抽,噴”,如:to puff the cigar/smoke into sb.’s faces(抽雪茄/把煙往別人臉上噴)。cancel意為“取消”。能夠和the view搭配的只有[A]block,表示“擋住視線”。
4.[精解] 本題考查動(dòng)詞辨析。空格處填入的過去分詞與is構(gòu)成被動(dòng)式的謂語,因此其動(dòng)詞的實(shí)際的賓語是the might(強(qiáng)大力量,威力)。mute意為“消除或減弱聲音;減弱,緩解”,如:mute the traffic noise/the criticism(減弱了車輛的噪音/委婉地提出批評(píng))。discover意為“發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)覺”;double意為“加倍”;undervalue意為“低估...之價(jià)值,看輕”。因此[A]符合文意,它與the might搭配,表示“威力減弱”。
5.[精解] 本題考查固定短語。go for nothing相當(dāng)于be in vain,意為“白費(fèi),毫無用處,毫無價(jià)值”。因此[A]正確,其他介詞都不能與go和nothing構(gòu)成搭配。
6.[精解] 本題考查形容詞辨析。feel是系動(dòng)詞,意為“摸起來,感覺起來”,它常與形容詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),如:The water feels warm.(這水摸起來很暖和。)本題中feel的主語是the road, 因此空格處的形容詞應(yīng)說明“道路”的特點(diǎn)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以修飾事物,comfortable一般指“(衣服、家具等)使人舒服的”,如:The bed/these shoes are very comfortable.(這床/這雙鞋子很舒服。)weak意為“不牢固的,易損壞的”,如:The bridge is too weak to carry heavy traffic.(那座橋梁不太牢固,承受不住過多的車輛。)weak也可指“微弱的,隱約的”,強(qiáng)調(diào)不容易被看到或聽到,如:a weak light/sound(微弱的光線/聲音)。risky意為“有危險(xiǎn)或風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的”,如:a risky investment(有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的投資)。firm意為“堅(jiān)固的,結(jié)實(shí)的,穩(wěn)固的”,如:No building can stand without firm foundations.(沒有穩(wěn)固的基礎(chǔ),建筑就不牢靠。)根據(jù)上下文,空格處的形容詞應(yīng)與下文“容易滑倒”相對(duì)照,因此[D]正確,強(qiáng)調(diào)道路“結(jié)實(shí)”。
7.[精解] 本題考查英語語言習(xí)慣。英語和漢語中都有大量的比喻形式。有些比喻的喻體大不相同,如:spend money like water(揮金如土);有些則很相似,如:as firm as a rock(堅(jiān)如磐石),as light as a feather(輕如鴻毛)。因此本題應(yīng)選[B],文中用這個(gè)比喻形容“車子打滑時(shí)駕駛者失重的感受”。loaf意為“一條(面包)”;leaf意為“樹葉”;fog意為“霧”。
8.[精解] 本題考查介詞辨析。空格所在部分wondering... 是個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作狀語,wondering的邏輯主語是the driver,邏輯賓語是what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。該從句中,coming up... the rear也是一個(gè)分詞短語,作從句主語trucks的后置定語??崭裉幪钊虢樵~,其賓語是the rear(后面、后邊、后部),根據(jù)文意,表示“從后面”應(yīng)選[C]from。beneath和under都表示“在……之下”,beyond表示“在(或向)較遠(yuǎn)的一邊”,不符合邏輯。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
9.[精解] 本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~??崭袼诓糠质且粋€(gè)比喻,說明卡車像什么。下文出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的比較:路面干燥時(shí)的行駛速度為60或70,而此時(shí)的行駛速度為25和30。可見,文章在說明由于路面滑造成了行駛速度下降。根據(jù)邏輯推理,行駛緩慢時(shí)從大卡車旁開過花費(fèi)的時(shí)間當(dāng)然較長(zhǎng),因此它們看起來更像giants“巨人”,而不是dwarfs“矮子”,patients“病人”或princesses“公主”。因此[B]正確。
10.[精解] 本題考查從句引導(dǎo)詞??崭袼诰渥又写嬖诒容^,即,you have to pass them not... you do when the road is dry(路面滑時(shí)開車不像路面干燥時(shí)那樣快),因此空格處填入的詞應(yīng)引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句you do when... ,從句中do為上文動(dòng)詞pass的替代詞。[C]as可用于比較結(jié)構(gòu),表示“像……一樣,如同”,如:He doesn’t earn as much as I do.(他掙的錢不如我多。)因此[C]正確。what只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,what you do表示“你做的事情”;since一般引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,表示“從……以后,自……以來”;that只能引導(dǎo)定語從句或名詞性從句。
11.[精解] 本題考查邏輯詞辨析??崭裉幪钊氲脑~出現(xiàn)在句首,表示上文與空格所在句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。then是副詞,可用來引出額外的信息,意為“另外,還有;再者,而且”,如:She’s been very busy at work and then there was all that trouble with her son.(她工作一直很忙,另外還有兒子的一大堆麻煩事。)上文提到路面滑時(shí)從卡車旁開過的速度非常慢,本句則提到另一方面的問題是卡車的噪音非常大。因此[D]then正確,在文中意為“而且,此外”。其它選項(xiàng):so表示因果關(guān)系;but表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系;or表示選擇關(guān)系。
12.[精解] 本題考查名詞辨析??崭裉幪钊氲拿~作定語修飾ice。flake意為“小薄片”,修飾snow時(shí)指“雪花”,又如:dried onion flakes(干洋蔥皮片);flock一般指“(羊或鳥)群”或“一大群(人)”,如:a flock of sheep/children(羊群/一大群孩子);chip意為“碎屑,碎片,碎渣”,如:chips of wood(碎木屑);cake作名詞時(shí)指“蛋糕或餅狀食物”,作動(dòng)詞時(shí)意為“覆蓋”。從下文可知,車輪子下濺出來的應(yīng)是“雪、泥(slush)和碎冰渣”,因此[C]最符合文意。
13.[精解] 本題考查介詞辨析??崭裉幪钊氲慕樵~與動(dòng)詞rattle(象聲詞,“格格響,嘎嘎響”)搭配,其賓語是your car,主語是上文的snow, slush and chips of ice。選項(xiàng)中,onto表示“(朝某處或某位置運(yùn)動(dòng))向,朝”,如:Move the books onto the second shelf.(把書移到第二層架子上。)against表示“逆著,與……相反”或“緊靠,倚”,如:We were rowing against the current.(我們劃船逆水而上。)lean against the wall(斜靠著墻)。off意為down or away from a place“從(某處落下)”,如:I fell off the ladder.(我從梯子上跌了下來。)along意為“沿著,順著”,如:They walked slowly along the road.(他們沿著公路慢慢走)。根據(jù)句意,應(yīng)是“雪、泥和碎冰渣濺到車上,又格格作響地從車上掉下來”,因此[C]正確。
14.[精解] 本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是常見的簡(jiǎn)單詞匯,關(guān)鍵要根據(jù)句子含義進(jìn)行選擇。空格所在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是there is plenty of sth. for you to... ,其中不定式作結(jié)果狀語,意為“輪子下有足夠的……讓你打滑并被碾成肉醬”。根據(jù)句子邏輯,應(yīng)是“(足夠的)空間”,而非“雪”,“泥土”或“冰”。因此[C]正確。
15.[精解] 本題考查英語成語。英語講究對(duì)稱美,其表現(xiàn)之一為成語排列形式上的對(duì)稱美,即,以介詞、連詞(and或or)或動(dòng)詞為“對(duì)稱軸”,構(gòu)成相同詞、同詞性的詞、反義詞或同類詞的對(duì)稱。本題inch by inch就是以介詞by為“對(duì)稱軸”構(gòu)成的相同詞(inch)的對(duì)稱,意為“一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地”。類似結(jié)構(gòu)的成語還有:head to head(交頭接耳),word for word(逐詞地),like for like(以牙還牙)。[A]為正確項(xiàng)。
16.[精解] 本題考查動(dòng)詞辨析??崭裉幪钊氍F(xiàn)在分詞作句子狀語,其邏輯主語是you。climb一般指“(向上)攀登,(吃力地向某處)爬”,如:climb up the stairs(爬上了梯子),climb through the window(從窗口爬了出來)。crawl指“(向前,身體接近地面的)爬行”,如:The baby is just starting to crawl.(寶寶剛開始會(huì)爬。)wind作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),意為“(路,河等)蜿蜒,曲折而行”,如:The path wound down to the beach.(這條小路彎彎曲曲通向海灘。)slide指“滑行,滑動(dòng)”。根據(jù)句意,你(駕駛者)緩慢地從大卡車旁往前開,由于路面滑,只能是“慢慢地滑過”。因此[D]正確。
17.[精解] 本題考查邏輯詞辨析??崭袂昂笫莾蓚€(gè)獨(dú)立的分句,因此空格處需要填入一個(gè)連詞。meanwhile為副詞,意為“同時(shí)”,放在句首時(shí)要么另起一句,要么與前一句用分號(hào)隔開,如:I went to college. Meanwhile, all my friends got well-paid jobs.(我上大學(xué)去了,那時(shí)我的朋友們?nèi)颊业搅耸杖氩诲e(cuò)的工作。)[A]首先排除。其他幾個(gè)詞都可作連詞,unless意為“除非”,whereas常用于比較或?qū)Ρ葍蓚€(gè)事實(shí),意為“然而,但是,盡管”;for意為“因?yàn)?rdquo;。根據(jù)句意,空格前后兩個(gè)分句之間是因果關(guān)系,即,“你(駕駛者)繼續(xù)筆直地往前開,因?yàn)橥蝗怀嚀尩赖娇ㄜ嚽懊?cut over sharply)會(huì)使你的車滑倒”,因此[D]正確。
18.[精解] 本題考查副詞辨析??崭裉帒?yīng)填入一個(gè)副詞,修飾介詞短語in front of(在……前面)。sheer作副詞時(shí)意為“垂直地,陡峭地”,如:The cliffs rise sheer from the beach.(懸崖從海灘上拔地而起。)mostly意為“主要地,一般地”,如:We’re mostly out on Sundays.(我們星期天一般不在家。)rarely意為“罕有,很少,不常”,如:We rarely agree on what to do.(我們很少在要做的事情上看法一致。)right意為“正好,恰好,直接地”,如:Lee was standing right behind her.(李就站在她身后。)根據(jù)文意,[D]正確。
19.[精解] 本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的含義分別是might“力量”,distance“距離”,air“空氣”,power“力量,勢(shì)力”。根據(jù)空格所在句子的含義,應(yīng)選[B],表示“當(dāng)有足夠的車距時(shí),你才慢慢地挪到卡車的前方”。
20.[精解] 本題考查介詞辨析??崭袂暗腷ut為并列連詞,連接句子中的兩個(gè)狀語成分,即,in front of... 和 the sound thundering。“with+名詞+分詞”可構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),作狀語。因此[A]正確。其它項(xiàng)作介詞時(shí),like意為“像,如同”,inside意為“在......里面”,upon意為“在......上”。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
(1)nerve-racking (a.) intensely distressing or irritating to the nerves令神經(jīng)高度緊張或極受刺激的
(2)gleefully愉快地
(3)high wind強(qiáng)風(fēng)
(4)treacherous(修飾人)不可信任的,背叛的,奸詐的;(修飾物)有潛在危險(xiǎn)的。如:The ice on the roads made driving conditions treacherous.(路上的冰對(duì)駕車構(gòu)成隱患。)
(5)all the while一直,始終,如:We waited for three hours, all the while hoping that someone would come and fetch us.(我們等了三小時(shí),一直希望有人會(huì)來接我們。)
全文翻譯
在暴風(fēng)雪中長(zhǎng)途驅(qū)車于結(jié)冰的路上會(huì)是一種令人極度緊張的經(jīng)歷。矛盾的是,雪一面輕輕地飄落,在強(qiáng)風(fēng)中愉快地吹著,一面又鋪成危險(xiǎn)的毯子,封凍車窗,擋住視線。機(jī)器的力量被減弱了。馬、強(qiáng)有力的電子系統(tǒng)、深胎面的輪胎都毫無用處。一分鐘前路面還很結(jié)實(shí),一分鐘后司機(jī)就在上面打滑,輕飄飄地,處于恐慌之中,想著從后面突然出現(xiàn)的笨重的掛了拖車的卡車會(huì)干出什么事情來。當(dāng)你不得不開車經(jīng)過這些卡車時(shí),它們就像巨人一般。這時(shí)你行駛的速度不是當(dāng)路面干燥時(shí)的60或70,而是25和30。并且它們的引擎聽起來極其刺耳。雪、泥和冰渣滓從輪子下噴灑出來,使擋風(fēng)玻璃變得模糊不清,然后格格作響地從車上掉下??ㄜ囕喿酉碌目臻g很大,足以讓你滑進(jìn)去并被碾成肉醬。你一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的往前挪動(dòng),經(jīng)過卡車的后輪,中間的輪子,駕駛室,前輪,所有這一切都是極其緩慢地滑過去的。你繼續(xù)筆直地往前開,因?yàn)橥蝗怀嚀尩赖娇ㄜ嚽懊鏁?huì)使你的車滑倒,正好倒在大卡車的前面。最后終于和卡車有了一段距離了,你才慢慢地往后挪,挪到另外一車道上,現(xiàn)在你行使在卡車的前面了,但是引擎的聲音仍然震耳欲聾。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
With the extension of democratic rights in the first half of the nineteenth century and the ensuing decline of the Federalist establishment, a new conception of education began to emerge. Education was no longer a confirmation of a pre-existing status, but an instrument in the acquisition of higher status. For a new generation of upwardly mobile students, the goal of education was not to prepare them to live comfortably in the world into which they had been born, but to teach them new virtues and skills that would propel them into a different and better world. Education became training; and the student was no longer the gentleman-in-waiting, but the journeyman apprentice for upward mobility.
In the nineteenth century a college education began to be seen as a way to get ahead in the world. The founding of the land-grant colleges opened the doors of higher education to poor but aspiring boys from non-Anglo-Saxon, working-class and lower-middle-class backgrounds. The myth of the poor boy who worked his way through college to success drew millions of poor boys to the new campuses. And with this shift, education became more vocational: its object was the acquisition of practical skills and useful information.
For the gentleman-in-waiting, virtue consisted above all in grace and style, in doing well what was appropriate to his position; education was merely a way of acquiring polish. And vice was manifested in gracelessness, awkwardness, in behaving inappropriately, discourteously, or ostentatiously. For the apprentice, however, virtue was evidenced in success through hard work. The requisite qualities of character were not grace or style, but drive, determination, and a sharp eye for opportunity. While casual liberality and even prodigality characterized the gentleman, frugality, thrift, and self-control came to distinguish the new apprentice. And while the gentleman did not aspire to a higher station because his station was already high, the apprentice was continually becoming, striving, struggling upward. Failure for the apprentice meant standing still, not rising.
1. Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?
[A] Democratic ideas started with education.
[B] Federalists were opposed to education.
[C] New education helped confirm people’s social status.
[D] Old education had been in tune with hierarchical society.
2.The difference between “gentleman-in-waiting” and “journeyman” is that _____ .
[A] education trained gentleman-in-waiting to climb higher ladders
[B] journeyman was ready to take whatever was given to him
[C] gentleman-in-waiting belonged to a fixed and high social class
[D] journeyman could do practically nothing without education
3. According to the second paragraph, land-grant College _____.
[A] belonged to the land-owning class
[B] enlarged the scope of education
[C] was provided only to the poor
[D] benefited all but the upper class
4.Which of the following was the most important for a “gentleman-in-waiting”?
[A] Manners. [B] Education. [C] Moral. [D] Personality.
5. The best title for the passage is _____.
[A] Education and Progress
[B] Old and New Social Norms
[C] New Education: Opportunities for More
[D] Demerits of Hierarchical Society
答案
1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C
總體分析
本文是一篇介紹新的教育體制觀念的文章,其中敘述了該體制觀念的產(chǎn)生及其與舊教育體制的不同之處。考生閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)著重把握新舊兩種教育體制觀念的不同。
第一段:介紹隨著民主權(quán)利的擴(kuò)展以及聯(lián)邦制度的削弱,產(chǎn)生了一種新的教育體制觀念,并對(duì)該觀念進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的說明。
第二段:指出19世紀(jì),由于國(guó)家提供土地的學(xué)校為更多的人提供了機(jī)會(huì),教育變得更職業(yè)化。
第三段:指出教育對(duì)于兩種不同社會(huì)階層的人即“等待的紳士”和“學(xué)徒”的不同意義。
試題精解
1.依據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容,下面哪個(gè)論述是正確的?
[A] 民主觀念以教育開始。
[B] 聯(lián)邦主義者反對(duì)教育。
[C] 新式教育幫助人們確立社會(huì)地位。
[D] 舊式教育與等級(jí)社會(huì)一致。
[精解]本題是推理引申題。文章第一段第一句指出,隨著19世紀(jì)上半葉民主權(quán)利的擴(kuò)展以及隨之而來的聯(lián)邦主義機(jī)構(gòu)的削弱,一種新的教育觀念出現(xiàn)了。接下來的內(nèi)容主要是圍繞這種新的教育觀念展開論述。從第一句話中可以得知,是民主權(quán)利的擴(kuò)展帶來了新的教育觀念的產(chǎn)生,[A]項(xiàng)顛倒了二者的先后順序,應(yīng)排除。文中提到“新”的教育觀念是在聯(lián)邦主義機(jī)構(gòu)削弱的情況下產(chǎn)生的。由此只能得出,新的教育觀念與聯(lián)邦主義有些沖突,并不能得出聯(lián)邦主義者反對(duì)整個(gè)教育即[B]項(xiàng)的結(jié)論。第二句作者指出,教育不再是對(duì)人們先前存在的地位的確定,而成了獲得更高地位的手段。[C]項(xiàng)與文意相悖,因此不正確。通過該句“不再”(no longer)可以推斷出,從前的教育可以確定人們的社會(huì)地位,因此[D]項(xiàng)為正確答案。
2.“等待的紳士”和“熟練工人”二者之間的不同之處在于_______。
[A] 教育訓(xùn)練那些“等待的紳士”爬上更高的階梯
[B] “熟練的工人”準(zhǔn)備著去接受所有給予他們的東西
[C] “等待的紳士”屬于確定的較高的社會(huì)階層
[D] 如果沒有教育,“熟練的工人”不能做任何實(shí)際的事情
[精解] 本題考查了具體的細(xì)節(jié)。解題的關(guān)鍵在于考生對(duì)文中關(guān)于兩類人的論述的把握。文章第一段末句提到,教育成了培訓(xùn),學(xué)生也不再是等在那里的紳士,而是要提升自己經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的熟練學(xué)徒。由此可知,“學(xué)徒”與“紳士”的不同就是,紳士不用將教育當(dāng)成工具去努力爭(zhēng)取社會(huì)地位,因此可以推測(cè)出紳士們屬于較高的社會(huì)階層。[C]為正確選項(xiàng)。文中提到教育訓(xùn)練學(xué)徒們而非紳士爬上更高的階梯,所以[A]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤,[B]項(xiàng)和[D]項(xiàng)在文中沒有相關(guān)論述。
3.根據(jù)第二段,國(guó)家贈(zèng)與土地的學(xué)校_________。
[A] 屬于土地所有者階級(jí)
[B] 擴(kuò)大了教育的范圍
[C] 僅為窮人提供(教育)
[D] 使除了上層社會(huì)的人之外的所有的人受益
[精解] 本題考查了事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。解此類題的關(guān)鍵是根據(jù)題干定位到原文。Land-grant College一詞出現(xiàn)在第二段第二句話:國(guó)家贈(zèng)予土地的學(xué)校的建立為那些來自非盎格魯•薩克遜血統(tǒng)、工人階級(jí)和中下層背景的貧窮但有抱負(fù)的男孩們敞開了享受高等教育的大門。由此可知,[B]項(xiàng)為正確答案。作者提到為窮人提供了更多的機(jī)會(huì),卻并沒有將上層人士排除在外,也未曾說明只有窮人才能從中獲益。因此[C]項(xiàng)和[D]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。[A]項(xiàng)中土地所有者階級(jí)是由land-grant colleges一詞字面意思得來,文中沒有依據(jù)。
4.下述哪一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容對(duì)gentleman-in-waiting最重要?
[A] 行為舉止。 [B] 教育。 [C] 道德。 [D] 個(gè)性。
[精解] 本題考查了事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。文章第三段一開始,作者就提到,對(duì)于紳士們來說,美德首先包括了高雅和風(fēng)度,與其身份地位相符的行為方式,教育僅僅是學(xué)會(huì)高雅的一種方式而已。由此可見,在紳士們眼中,[A]項(xiàng)“行為舉止”是最重要的。[B]項(xiàng)與原文不符,[C]項(xiàng)和[D]項(xiàng)在原文中沒有明顯的論述。
5.最適合這篇文章的題目是______。
[A] 教育和進(jìn)步
[B] 新舊社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則
[C] 新式教育:為更多的人提供機(jī)會(huì)#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
[D] 等級(jí)社會(huì)的缺點(diǎn)
[精解] 本題考查了文章的主旨大意??忌柰ㄆ盐杖?,不應(yīng)將注意力放到某個(gè)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)上。文章一開始就提到民主權(quán)利的延展和聯(lián)邦主義的削弱帶來了新教育制度的出現(xiàn)。接下來,作者主要介紹了這一新的教育觀念的內(nèi)涵,及其與舊式教育觀念的異同。并對(duì)新舊兩種教育體制下的學(xué)生進(jìn)行比較??v覽全文可以推斷,文章主要講的是新的教育觀念,并未涉及教育的發(fā)展問題、社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則問題,所以[A]、[B]項(xiàng)都錯(cuò)誤。[D]項(xiàng)雖然在文中有所提及,但只是部分內(nèi)容,不能概括全文主旨。[C]項(xiàng)為最佳答案。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
(1)extension(n.)延長(zhǎng),擴(kuò)充(的范圍);普及,推廣
(2)ensue(v.)隨之發(fā)生;追求[隨]
(3)confirmation(n.)證實(shí),確認(rèn),批準(zhǔn)
(4)upward(a./ad.)向上的(地);上升的(地);增長(zhǎng)的(地);upwardly(ad.)在上面地,向上地
(5)mobile(a.)流動(dòng)的;易變的;(社會(huì)地位等)升降很大的
(6)apprentice(n./v.)(當(dāng))學(xué)徒;實(shí)習(xí)生
(7)polish(n.)磨光,光澤;優(yōu)雅,精良(v.)擦亮;推敲;使完美或完善
(8)ostentatious(a.)裝飾表面的;賣弄的,夸耀的;ostentate(v.)ostentation(n.)
(9)liberality(n.)慷慨,大方;寬大,磊落
全文翻譯
隨著19世紀(jì)上半葉民主權(quán)利的擴(kuò)展和接踵而至的聯(lián)邦體制的衰退,一種新的教育觀念開始浮現(xiàn)出來。教育不再是對(duì)先前存在的地位的確認(rèn),而成了獲得更高地位的工具。對(duì)于不斷進(jìn)步的新一代學(xué)生來說,教育的目標(biāo)不是培養(yǎng)他們?cè)谧约撼錾沫h(huán)境中舒適地生活,而是教給他們一些新的品德和技能,從而把他們推進(jìn)一個(gè)不同的更好的世界。教育變成了訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生也不再是“等待的紳士”,而成了一些尋求提高社會(huì)地位的職業(yè)學(xué)徒。
在19世紀(jì),大學(xué)教育開始被看成是躋身世界前列的一種手段。國(guó)家贈(zèng)予土地的大學(xué)為那些來自非盎格魯.薩克孫血統(tǒng),工人階級(jí)以及社會(huì)中下層的貧窮而有抱負(fù)的男孩們敞開了高等教育的大門。那些完成大學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)而獲得成功的窮孩子的神話驅(qū)使數(shù)百萬的窮人孩子涌入新的大學(xué)校園。隨著這種轉(zhuǎn)變,教育變得更加職業(yè)化:教育的目標(biāo)是獲取實(shí)用的技術(shù)和有用的信息。
對(duì)于那些準(zhǔn)紳士來說,美德首先包括高雅的風(fēng)度和作風(fēng),及符合自己身份地位的表現(xiàn);教育僅僅是達(dá)到優(yōu)雅的一種方式。而笨拙,粗俗,無禮,招搖等都是惡行的表現(xiàn)。而對(duì)于那些學(xué)徒來說,美德表現(xiàn)在通過努力獲得的成功中。人物必備的品質(zhì)不是優(yōu)雅風(fēng)度而是積極,決心和尋找機(jī)會(huì)的銳利的眼光。當(dāng)懶散的自由化及至揮霍浪費(fèi)成了紳士的特色時(shí),節(jié)儉,自制就成了新學(xué)徒的標(biāo)志。紳士的社會(huì)地位已經(jīng)很高,因此不再渴望更高的社會(huì)地位,而學(xué)徒卻一直努力地向上攀登。對(duì)于學(xué)徒來說,原地不動(dòng),沒有上升就意味著失敗。
Text 2
One meaning of the Greek word “dran” is to accomplish, and in this meaning lies a further key to the structure of drama. A play concerns a human agent attempting to accomplish some purpose. In tragedy his attempt is, in personal terms at least, unsuccessful; in comedy it is successful; in the problem play final accomplishment is often either ambiguous or doubtful.
This action, from the beginning to the end of a movement toward a purposed goal, must also have a middle; it must proceed through a number of steps, the succession of incidents which make up the plot. Because the dramatist is concerned with the meaning and logic of events rather than with their casual relationship in time, he will probably select his material and order it on a basis of the operation, in human affairs, of laws of cause and effect. It is in this causal relationship of incidents that the element of conflict, present in virtually all plays, appears.
The central figure of the play—the protagonist—encounters difficulties; his purpose or purposes conflict with events or circumstances, with purposes of other characters in the play, or with cross-purposes which exist within his own thoughts and desires. These difficulties threaten the protagonist’s accomplishment; in other words, they present complications, and his success or failure in dealing with these complications determines the outcome. Normally, complications build through the play in order of increasing difficulty; one complication may be added to another, or one may grow out of the solution of a preceding one. At some point in this chain of complication and solution, achieved or attempted, the protagonist performs an act or makes a decision which irrevocably commits him to a further course, points toward certain general consequences. This point is usually called the crisis; the complications and solutions which follow work out the logical steps from crisis to final resolution, or denouement.
1. According to the first paragraph of the text, a dramatist________.
[A] seldom believes what he writes about
[B] portrays what he experiences in the drama
[C] concerns himself with the results of human effort
[D] tries to convince his audience of what he believes
2. A drama is arranged mainly in accordance with_______.
[A] the will of the dramatist [B] the sequence of events
[C] the law of dramatic art [D] the need of performance
3. A dramatist usually_______ .
[A] clarifies the complicated relationship in his drama
[B] makes the relationship in his drama more complicated
[C] hopes to see his protagonist win an easy victory
[D] likes to present his protagonist as threatening fellows
4. The word “crisis” (in the last line but one, paragraph 3) most probably implies _________.
[A] a dangerous moment [B] the last decision
[C] the crucial point [D] a brave engagement
5. In the text, the author mainly deals with _________.
[A] the necessity of drama in a culture
[B] some social functions of dramas
[C] the responsibility of dramatists
[D] some key elements in drama-making
答案
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D
總體分析
本文介紹了戲劇包含的要素。
第一段:指出戲劇的性質(zhì)由人物實(shí)現(xiàn)目的的結(jié)果決定。
第二、三段:介紹了戲劇中的要素:情節(jié)、沖突、危機(jī)、結(jié)局。
試題精解
1. 根據(jù)文章的第一段,一個(gè)劇作家_______。
[A]很少相信他所寫的東西
[B]描述他在戲劇中的經(jīng)歷
[C]對(duì)人類的主觀努力的結(jié)果感興趣
[D]試圖說服觀眾相信他所相信的事情
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第一段第二句提到,一部戲劇和一個(gè)試圖達(dá)到某種目的的人文動(dòng)作者(human agent)有關(guān)。接下來該段分別講述了在悲劇、喜劇和問題劇中動(dòng)作者的目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)情況。由此可知,動(dòng)作者指的是“對(duì)推動(dòng)戲劇情節(jié)起很大作用的人物”,戲劇就是該人物實(shí)現(xiàn)其目的的過程,不同的結(jié)果決定了戲劇的性質(zhì)。因此,[C]是一部戲劇或劇作家所關(guān)注的,其他項(xiàng)都無從推知。
2. 戲劇主要按照_____進(jìn)行安排。
[A] 劇作家的意愿 [B] 事件的順序
[C] 戲劇藝術(shù)的法則 [D] 表演的需要
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第二段第二句提到,由于劇作家關(guān)注的是(構(gòu)成戲劇情節(jié)的一系列)事件的含義與邏輯性而不是它們?cè)跁r(shí)間上的關(guān)聯(lián)性,因此他可能會(huì)選擇素材并按照人類事件因果關(guān)系的一般規(guī)律進(jìn)行排序。由此可見,戲劇情節(jié)的安排由劇作家決定,[A]正確。[B]中“順序”一次太泛,如果指“時(shí)間順序”,則在文中已經(jīng)被否定。[C]和[D]在文中都未提及。
3. 劇作家總是 _____。
[A] 闡明他的戲劇中的復(fù)雜關(guān)系
[B] 使他的戲劇中的關(guān)系更加復(fù)雜
[C] 希望看到他的主人公輕而易舉地獲勝
#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#[D] 喜歡把他的主人公描述為具有威脅性的人
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第三段第一、二句提到,戲劇的主人公遭遇困難,因?yàn)樗哪康呐c其他各種因素發(fā)生沖突,從而無法實(shí)現(xiàn)。這樣事件就變得復(fù)雜起來,主人公能否成功地處理這些復(fù)雜事件決定了戲劇最終的結(jié)局。由此可見,復(fù)雜事件是戲劇不可缺少的部分,劇作家經(jīng)常會(huì)做的事情是[B]而非[A]。[C]和[D]都只是出現(xiàn)了文中protagonist一詞,但其論述無從推知。
4. 第三段倒數(shù)第二行中的單詞“crisis”最可能的含義是_____。
[A]危險(xiǎn)的時(shí)刻 [B] 最后的決定
[C] 關(guān)鍵性的點(diǎn) [D]勇敢的約定
[精解] 本題考查詞義理解。crisis一詞出現(xiàn)在全文最后一句。該句指出它是一個(gè)點(diǎn)(point)。由其上文即倒數(shù)第二句可知,在這個(gè)點(diǎn)上主人公會(huì)完成一個(gè)行為或者做出一個(gè)決定,這個(gè)決定必然使他進(jìn)入進(jìn)一步發(fā)展軌跡(造成某些一般結(jié)果的點(diǎn))??梢?,crisis指的是戲劇中決定情節(jié)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵性的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),而不是“時(shí)刻”、“決定”或“約定”。[C]正確。
5. 本文中作者主要談?wù)摰氖莀____。
[A] 文化中戲劇的必要性 [B] 戲劇的一些社會(huì)功能
[C] 劇作家的責(zé)任 [D] 戲劇創(chuàng)作中的一些關(guān)鍵要素
[精解] 本題考查文章主旨。本文主要從文學(xué)角度介紹了戲劇所包含的重要因素。其中提到了人文動(dòng)作者、情節(jié)、沖突、危機(jī)、結(jié)局等術(shù)語。因此[D]是主旨。其他項(xiàng)在文中都沒有涉及。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
(1)agent(n.)原動(dòng)力,動(dòng)因(指對(duì)事態(tài)起重要作用的人、事物)
(2)irrevocably (ad.)不能取消地
(3)denouement(n.)(小說的)結(jié)尾,結(jié)局
(4)engagement(n.)訂婚;約定,約會(huì);戰(zhàn)斗,交戰(zhàn)
全文翻譯
希臘詞語“dran”的一個(gè)含義是“實(shí)現(xiàn)”,而這個(gè)含義正是進(jìn)一步了解戲劇結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵所在。一部戲劇和一個(gè)試圖實(shí)現(xiàn)某種目的的人文動(dòng)作者有關(guān)。在悲劇中,這個(gè)動(dòng)作者的動(dòng)機(jī)至少在個(gè)人層面上是不成功的;而在喜劇中卻是成功的。在(社會(huì))問題劇中目的的最后實(shí)現(xiàn)要么是模糊不清的要么是黑而未決的。
從戲劇的開始到實(shí)現(xiàn)某個(gè)有意識(shí)的目的的結(jié)束,這個(gè)情節(jié)必定有一個(gè)中間過渡。它必須經(jīng)歷幾個(gè)步驟,即構(gòu)成這個(gè)情節(jié)的一系列的事件。由于劇作家關(guān)注的是事件的含義與邏輯性而不是它們?cè)跁r(shí)間上的偶然關(guān)聯(lián),因此他可能會(huì)選擇素材并按照人類事件因果關(guān)系的一般規(guī)律進(jìn)行排序。于是這些事件的因果關(guān)系中包含了幾乎所有戲劇中都存在的沖突的元素。
戲劇的中心人物——主人公——遭遇困難,他的一個(gè)或多個(gè)目的與事件或環(huán)境發(fā)生沖突,與劇中其他人物的目的發(fā)生沖突,與存在于他的思想和欲望中相互矛盾的目的發(fā)生沖突。這些困難阻礙了主人公目的的完成,換句話說,它們使事件變得復(fù)雜,而主人公能否成功地處理這些復(fù)雜事件決定了戲劇最終的結(jié)局。一般而言,戲劇中的復(fù)雜事件是按照其困難的程度逐漸累積起來的。一個(gè)困難事件也許累加到另一個(gè)困難事件之上,或者在前一個(gè)困難事件解決之后出現(xiàn)。在問題復(fù)雜化和問題得到解決、實(shí)現(xiàn)了目的或企圖實(shí)現(xiàn)目的構(gòu)成的鏈條的某一點(diǎn)上,主人公完成一個(gè)行為或者做出一個(gè)必然使他進(jìn)入進(jìn)一步發(fā)展軌跡(造成某些一般結(jié)果的點(diǎn))的決定。這個(gè)點(diǎn)通常被稱為危機(jī),接下來出現(xiàn)的復(fù)雜問題和解決方法構(gòu)成了從危機(jī)到最后解決,即結(jié)局的邏輯步驟。
Text 3
Vinton Cerf, known as the father of the Internet, said on Wednesday that the Web was outgrowing the planet Earth and the time had come to take the information superhighway to outer space.
“The Internet is growing quickly, and we still have a lot of work to do to cover the planet.” Cerf told the first day of the annual conference of Internet Society in Geneva where more than 1500 cyberspace fans have gathered to seek answers to questions about the tangled web of the Internet.
Cerf believed that it would soon be possible to send real-time science data on the Internet from a space mission orbiting another planet such as Mars. “There is now an effort under way to design and build an interplanetary Internet. The space research community is coming closer and closer and merging. We think that we will see interplanetary Internet networks that look very much like the ones we use today. We will need interplanetary gateways and there will be protocols to transmit data between these gateways, ” Cerf said.
Francois Fluckiger, a scientist attending the conference from the European Particle Physics Laboratory near Geneva, was not entirely convinced, saying: “We need dreams like this. But I don’t know any Martian whom I’d like to communicate with through the Internet.”
Cerf has been working with NASA’s Pasadena Jet Propulsion Laboratory—the people behind the recent Mars expedition—to design what he calls an “interplanetary Internet protocol.” He believes that astronauts will want to use the Internet, although special problems remain with interference and delay.
“This is quite real. The effort is becoming extraordinarily concrete over the next few months because the next Mars mission is in planning stages now,” Cerf told the conference.
“If we use domain names like Earth or Mars...jet propulsion laboratory people would be coming together with people from the Internet community.” He added.
“The idea is to take the interplanetary Internet design and make it a part of the infrastructure of the Mars mission.”
He later told a news conference that designing this system now would prepare mankind for future technological advances.
“The whole idea is to create an architecture so the design works anywhere. I don’t know where we’re going to have to put it but my guess is that we’ll be going out there some time,” Cerf said.
“If you think 100 years from now, it is entirely possible that what will be purely research 50 years from now will become commercial 100 years from now. The Internet was the same—it started as pure research but now it is commercialized.”
1. According to Cerf, the purpose to design interplanetary internet is to _____.
[A] send real-time science data
[B] communicate with astronauts
[C] lay foundation for future technological advances
[D] commercialize the technology
2. From the text, we learn that Vinton Cerf is _____.
[A] seeking answers to questions about the Internet web
[B] working on interplanetary Internet with collaboration of NASA
[C] trying to commercialize the interplanetary Internet
[D] exploring the possibility of establishing Internet network on Mars
3. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _____.
[A] the dream to build interplanetary Internet can be fulfilled in the future
[B] interplanetary Internet will be commercialized in 100 years
[C] the research of Internet took 50 years
[D] it will take a long time to build interplanetary Internet
4. We know from the text that the Mars mission is _____.
[A] one of NASA’s internet projects
[B] an expedition to Mars
[C] the infrastructure of the interplanetary Internet
[D] to create an architecture on Mars
5. Which of the following is the main point of the text?
[A] The development of the Internet.
[B] The possibility of space research.
[C] Universal information superhighway.
[D] The technological advances of the Mars mission.
答案
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C
總體分析
本文主要介紹了星際因特網(wǎng)這一新的研究項(xiàng)目。
第一、二段:簡(jiǎn)單介紹了提出建立星際因特網(wǎng)的背景,即因特網(wǎng)發(fā)展迅速,正超出地球的范圍,該向外太空擴(kuò)展了。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
第三段:通過塞爾夫之口介紹了目前星際因特網(wǎng)的研究情況,以及將要建立的星際因特網(wǎng)的具體形式。
第四段:列舉一個(gè)對(duì)建立星際因特網(wǎng)持質(zhì)疑態(tài)度的科學(xué)家的例子。
第五至十段:介紹了塞爾夫正與(美)國(guó)家宇航局合作的“星際因特網(wǎng)協(xié)議”項(xiàng)目,從塞爾夫的角度論證了它的可行性,介紹了它的具體功能、目的。
第十一段:將因特網(wǎng)的發(fā)展歷程與星際因特網(wǎng)的發(fā)展作比較,說明建立星際因特網(wǎng)的可實(shí)現(xiàn)性。
試題精解
1.按照塞爾夫的觀點(diǎn),設(shè)計(jì)星際因特網(wǎng)的目的是_____。
[A] 發(fā)送實(shí)時(shí)科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)
[B] 與宇航員通訊
[C] 為未來的技術(shù)進(jìn)步奠定基礎(chǔ)
[D] 使該技術(shù)商業(yè)化
[精解] 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。[C]項(xiàng)是對(duì)倒數(shù)第三段的改寫,lay foundation for與prepare mankind for同義。[A]項(xiàng)在文章第三段首句提到,[B]項(xiàng)在第五段提到,但都是設(shè)計(jì)和建立星際因特網(wǎng)可能帶來的好處,不是設(shè)計(jì)目的。[D]項(xiàng)在文章最后一段提到,是在說明建立星際因特網(wǎng)的可能性,不是設(shè)計(jì)目的。
2.從文中我們知道,文特•塞爾夫_____。
[A] 正在尋求有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)問題的答案
[B] 正與(美)國(guó)家宇航局合作致力于星際因特網(wǎng)的研究
[C] 正試圖使星際因特網(wǎng)商業(yè)化
[D] 正探索在火星上建立因特網(wǎng)的可能性
[精解] 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。第五段首句提到,塞爾夫正一直與(美)國(guó)家宇航局帕薩提那的噴氣推進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室合作,設(shè)計(jì)他所說的“星際因特網(wǎng)協(xié)議”,與[B]項(xiàng)同義。[A]項(xiàng)是塞爾夫在日內(nèi)瓦參加的一個(gè)年會(huì)的主題,并不是塞爾夫正在從事的工作。星際因特網(wǎng)商業(yè)化只在文章最后一段作為可能性提到,星際因特網(wǎng)還沒有研究出來,更不用說商業(yè)化了,所以[C]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。全文主要論述的是星際因特網(wǎng)的問題,并沒有指出要在火星上建立因特網(wǎng)。[D]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。
3.從最后一段可以推出_____。
[A] 建立星際因特網(wǎng)的夢(mèng)想在未來可能實(shí)現(xiàn)
[B] 100年后星際因特網(wǎng)將商業(yè)化
[C] 因特網(wǎng)的研究用了50年的時(shí)間
[D] 建立星際因特網(wǎng)將需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間
[精解] 本題考查考生的推理引申能力。文章最后一段所做的假設(shè)(在今后50年內(nèi)僅僅是研究項(xiàng)目的東西,在100年后完全有可能商業(yè)化)以及與因特網(wǎng)發(fā)展歷程的比較,都是塞爾夫?yàn)榱苏f明建立星際因特網(wǎng)在未來是有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的,所以[A]項(xiàng)正確。文中提到100年只是一種假設(shè),[B]項(xiàng)將其確定為商業(yè)化實(shí)現(xiàn)的時(shí)間,不正確。同樣,[C]項(xiàng)將假設(shè)中的50年確定為因特網(wǎng)的研究年限,也不正確。該段中塞爾夫的一番話表達(dá)了他對(duì)星際因特網(wǎng)的建立懷有比較樂觀的態(tài)度,而不是說明它需要花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能實(shí)現(xiàn),[D]項(xiàng)不正確。
4.從文中我們知道,Mars mission是_____。
[A] (美)國(guó)家宇航局的一個(gè)因特網(wǎng)計(jì)劃
[B] 火星探險(xiǎn)
[C] 星際因特網(wǎng)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施
[D] 在火星上創(chuàng)建一個(gè)架構(gòu)
[精解] 本題考查詞義的理解。文章五、六段中Mars mission和Mars expedition交替使用,可見是同義,而且第三段首句在具體解釋space mission的含義時(shí)以火星為例指出它orbiting another planet such as Mars。 所以,正確選項(xiàng)為[B]。[A]、[C]、[D]三項(xiàng)都指的是塞爾夫跟(美)國(guó)家宇航局的合作項(xiàng)目。Architecture意為“架構(gòu),體系(the structure of a computer system and the way it works)”。
5.下面哪項(xiàng)是文章的主旨?
[A] 因特網(wǎng)的發(fā)展。
[B] 太空研究的可能性。
[C] 宇宙信息超級(jí)高速公路。
[D] 火星探險(xiǎn)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步。
[精解] 本題考查文章主旨。本文主要介紹了星際因特網(wǎng)的創(chuàng)建,[C]項(xiàng)是對(duì)文章首句中take the information superhighway to outer space的改寫,是全文論述的中心內(nèi)容。[A]項(xiàng)在文章最后一段出現(xiàn),是為了更好地說明星際因特網(wǎng)的發(fā)展。文章沒有提到太空研究的可能性問題,[B]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。文章第九段提到,星際因特網(wǎng)是為未來火星探險(xiǎn)技術(shù)進(jìn)步奠定基礎(chǔ),這也是在說明星際因特網(wǎng)的重要作用,而不是純粹論述火星探險(xiǎn)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步,所以[D]項(xiàng)不正確。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
(1)outgrow(v.)長(zhǎng)得太大而使……不再適用;長(zhǎng)得比……快(或大、高);年久喪失(某種習(xí)慣、興趣等)
(2)cyberspace(n.)電腦空間,賽博空間
(3)tangle(n./v.)(處于)混亂狀態(tài);糾纏,纏結(jié);(with)(與人)爭(zhēng)論,較量
(4)interplanetary行星間的,星際,太陽系內(nèi)的
(5)gateway(n.)門,通路;網(wǎng)關(guān);途徑,方法
(6)protocol(n.)草案,協(xié)議;外交禮節(jié),禮儀
(7)expedition(n.)遠(yuǎn)征;探險(xiǎn)隊(duì);發(fā)出,派遣;迅速with ~趕緊地,迅速地
(8)infrastructure(n.)下部構(gòu)造,基本設(shè)施(尤指社會(huì)、國(guó)家賴以生存和發(fā)展的, 如道路、學(xué)校、電廠、交通、通訊系統(tǒng)等);infra-前綴表示“在下”
全文翻譯
有因特網(wǎng)之父之稱的文特•塞爾夫本周三說:網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展正超出地球的范圍,把信息高速公路推向外太空的時(shí)候已經(jīng)到了。
“因特網(wǎng)正迅速發(fā)展,在使因特網(wǎng)覆蓋全球方面我們還有很多工作要做。”塞爾夫在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)會(huì)年會(huì)的第一天說。該年會(huì)在日內(nèi)瓦舉行,有1500多名賽博空間迷聚集于此,尋求關(guān)于因特網(wǎng)復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò)問題的答案。
塞爾夫相信很快就可能在繞其他星球比如火星的太空探險(xiǎn)中,把實(shí)時(shí)科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)傳送到因特網(wǎng)上。他說:“現(xiàn)在,正在努力設(shè)計(jì)和建立星際因特網(wǎng)。太空研究界正在靠攏與合并。我們認(rèn)為我們將看到的星際因特網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)跟我們今天使用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)看起來會(huì)很相似。我們將需要星際網(wǎng)關(guān),在這些網(wǎng)關(guān)之間會(huì)有協(xié)議傳送數(shù)據(jù)。”
一位從日內(nèi)瓦附近的歐洲粒子物理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室來參會(huì)的科學(xué)家F•弗拉基杰并不完全信服,他說:“我們需要這樣的夢(mèng)想,但我不認(rèn)識(shí)任何我想與之進(jìn)行網(wǎng)上通訊的火星人。”
塞爾夫一直在與(美)國(guó)家宇航局帕薩提那的噴氣推進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室合作(該實(shí)驗(yàn)室是最近火星探險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)的幕后工作者),設(shè)計(jì)他所說的“星際因特網(wǎng)協(xié)議”。他相信盡管在干擾和滯后性方面還存在特殊問題,宇航員們?nèi)韵M靡蛱鼐W(wǎng)。
“這很真實(shí)。在未來的幾個(gè)月里,我們的努力會(huì)變得更加真實(shí)具體,因?yàn)橄乱淮位鹦翘诫U(xiǎn)現(xiàn)在正處于計(jì)劃階段。”塞爾夫在會(huì)上說。
“如果我們用地球或火星等作為域名,噴氣推進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的人將與因特網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)民走到一起。”他補(bǔ)充道。
“其整體構(gòu)想是利用星際因特網(wǎng)的設(shè)計(jì),并使其成為火星探險(xiǎn)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。”
在之后的新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上,他說:現(xiàn)在設(shè)計(jì)這一系統(tǒng)將為未來技術(shù)的進(jìn)步奠定基礎(chǔ)。
“整個(gè)構(gòu)想是創(chuàng)立一個(gè)架構(gòu),使該設(shè)計(jì)在任何地方都適應(yīng)。我不知道我們要把它放到哪但我認(rèn)為總有一天我們會(huì)將它用出去。”塞爾夫說。
“如果你想想100年后,從現(xiàn)在起50年純粹作為研究項(xiàng)目的東西在100年后完全有可能商業(yè)化。因特網(wǎng)也是一樣——從純粹的研究開始,但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)商業(yè)化了。”
Text 4
Material culture refers to the touchable, material “things”—physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used—that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.
Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to traditional or ethnic features in folk music and are willing to preserve the folk music as we do with many traditional cultural heritage. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture. As always, people’s aspiration will always focus on their inpiduality rather than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike.
One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the “information-revolution”, a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.
1. Which of the following does not belong to material culture?
[A] Instruments. [B] Music. [C] Paintings. [D] Sheet music.
2. The word “phonograph” (Line 5-6, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____.
[A] record player [B] radio [C] musical technique[D] music culture
3. The main idea of the first paragraph is _____.
[A] the importance of cultural tools and technology
[B] the cultural influence of the development of civilization
[C] the focus of the study of the material culture of music
[D] the significance of the research into the musical instruments
4. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of printed music?
[A] Reading of music notation has a great impact on musicians.
[B] People may draw imspiration from it.
[C] The music culture will be influenced by it in the end.
[D] Songs tend to be standardized by it.
5. From the third paragraph, we may infer that_____.
[A] traditional cultural heritage is worthy of preservation
[B] the universal features shared by all cultures aren’t worthy of notice
[C] musicians pay more attention to the preservation of traditional music
[D] the more developed a culture, the more valuable the music it has fostered
答案
1.B 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.A
總體分析
本文介紹了對(duì)于音樂文化研究極具重要性的幾種物質(zhì)文化。
第一段:從介紹“物質(zhì)文化”開始,談到音樂的第一種物質(zhì)文化——“樂器”,說明它在音樂文化研究中的作用。
第二段:介紹音樂的第二種物質(zhì)文化——樂譜,及其對(duì)音樂文化的影響。
第三段:人們現(xiàn)在開始關(guān)注保存具有民族特色的音樂。
第四段:介紹音樂的第三種物質(zhì)文化——電子媒體對(duì)音樂文化的影響。
試題精解
1.下面哪一項(xiàng)不屬于物質(zhì)文化?
[A] 樂器 [B] 音樂 [C] 繪畫 [D] 樂譜
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第一段首句對(duì)“物質(zhì)文化”下定義為:文化中產(chǎn)生的能看到、摸到、感覺到和使用的自然物體。接著該段第三、四句提到,音樂文化中最生動(dòng)的物質(zhì)載體是樂器。從第一段末句可知,圖片、文字記載以及樂器都是研究音樂文化的物質(zhì)手段。第二段首句接著指出,樂譜也是物質(zhì)文化。因此[A]、[C]和[D]都是物質(zhì)文化,只有[B]不是。
2. 第一段第五至六行的單詞“phonograph”最可能的含義是。
[A] 錄音機(jī) [B] 收音機(jī) [C] 音樂技術(shù) [D] 音樂文化
[精解] 本題考查詞意理解。“phonograph”一詞出現(xiàn)在第一段第五句,該句指出,“‘phonograph’被發(fā)明以前,我們聽不到任何音樂表演的聲音,只能通過樂器研究過去的音樂文化”。由此可知,該詞指的是一種能夠記錄聲音并被用于音樂文化研究的物質(zhì)。[A]為正確答案。[B]雖然也有聲音,但無法用于音樂研究。此外,也可以通過詞根詞綴法猜測(cè)詞意。phono-相當(dāng)于sound,表示“聲音”;-graph表示“書寫、描繪或記錄的器具,機(jī)械”。“記錄聲音的機(jī)器”就是“錄音機(jī)”。
3. 第一段的主要含義是 _____。
[A] 文化工具和技術(shù)的重要性
[B] 文明的發(fā)展對(duì)文化的影響
[C] 音樂物質(zhì)文化研究的重點(diǎn)
[D] 研究樂器的意義
[精解] 本題考查段落主旨。第一段共七句。第一句給“物質(zhì)文化”下定義;第二、三句指出研究音樂文化就要研究音樂物質(zhì)文化。第四、五句指出樂器是音樂文化研究中的重要物質(zhì)文化。第六句指出樂器作為物質(zhì)文化的兩種形式。第七句舉例說明樂器的研究在音樂文化研究中所起的作用。由此可見,第一段涉及的主題應(yīng)是作為音樂物質(zhì)文化的“樂器”,因此[D]正確。[A]和[B]泛泛談文化,應(yīng)排除。[C]雖然提到了音樂物質(zhì)文化的研究,但未具體到樂器。
4. 下面哪一個(gè)不是印刷式樂譜的優(yōu)點(diǎn)?
[A] 讀樂譜對(duì)音樂家有很大的影響。
[B] 人們從中可獲得靈感。
[C] 音樂文化將最后受到它的影響。
[D] 歌曲往往由于它而被標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。
[精解] 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干中的“印刷式樂譜”定位到第二段。該段第三句提到,印刷式樂譜形式單調(diào)(limit variety),因?yàn)樗鼈兺鶎⑺懈枨紭?biāo)準(zhǔn)化。因此[D]不是它的優(yōu)點(diǎn),而是局限性。
[A]在該段末句提到,該句指出讀樂譜(包括印刷樂譜)的能力對(duì)音樂家有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。該段第三句yet轉(zhuǎn)折后指出,印刷式樂譜促使人們創(chuàng)作新的、不同的歌曲。由此可推知?jiǎng)?chuàng)作者從中獲得了靈感。[B]是其優(yōu)點(diǎn)。從該段末句可知,當(dāng)讀樂譜的能力得到普及時(shí),會(huì)對(duì)整個(gè)音樂文化產(chǎn)生影響。因此[C]也是其優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
5. 從第三段我們可以推知_____。
[A] 傳統(tǒng)文化遺產(chǎn)值得保存
[B] 所有文化共有的普遍特點(diǎn)不值得關(guān)注
[C] 音樂家更關(guān)注傳統(tǒng)音樂的保存
[D] 文化越發(fā)達(dá),它孕育的音樂就越有價(jià)值
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第三段第二句提到,我們(we)越來越關(guān)注民樂中的傳統(tǒng)和民族特色,并且在對(duì)待許多傳統(tǒng)文化遺產(chǎn)時(shí)愿意將民樂保存下來。第三句以音樂家記錄自己國(guó)家的古典音樂為例說明上文。該句中we包括了作者本人,因此可推知[A]是作者所贊同的觀點(diǎn)。[C]錯(cuò)在more,因?yàn)槲闹胁]有將音樂家對(duì)待傳統(tǒng)音樂和現(xiàn)代音樂的態(tài)度作對(duì)比。該段末句提到,人們(people)總是渴望保留個(gè)性特色,而不是找到所有文化共有的普遍特點(diǎn)??梢?,文中只是客觀敘述人們對(duì)文化的偏好,沒有貶低“文化共有的普遍特點(diǎn)”的價(jià)值。排除[B]。該段首句提到,音樂根植于孕育了它的文化之中。這說明文化決定音樂的特色,與“發(fā)達(dá)”或“價(jià)值”沒有關(guān)聯(lián),排除[D]。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
(1)notation(n.)(數(shù)字、科學(xué)和音樂等中的)符號(hào)、記號(hào)、譜號(hào)
(2)foster(v.)養(yǎng)育,撫育,培養(yǎng),促進(jìn),助長(zhǎng)
(3)aspiration(n.)熱望,渴望,抱負(fù),志向
全文翻譯
物質(zhì)文化指的是那些可以觸摸的、物質(zhì)的“東西”,即,文化產(chǎn)生的能看到、摸到、感覺到和使用的自然物體??疾煲环N文化中的工具和技術(shù)就可以知道這個(gè)文化群體的歷史和生活方式。同樣,研究音樂的物質(zhì)文化能夠幫助我們理解音樂文化。在音樂文化中最生動(dòng)的物質(zhì)載體當(dāng)然是樂器。在19世紀(jì)70年代留聲機(jī)發(fā)明以前,我們自己聽不到任何音樂表演的聲音,于是我們依賴樂器獲得有關(guān)遠(yuǎn)古的音樂文化及其發(fā)展的重要信息。這里我們有兩種證據(jù):保存完好的樂器和藝術(shù)中描繪的樂器。通過對(duì)圖片、文字記載以及樂器等的研究,我們可以了解一千多年以前近東音樂傳入中國(guó)的情況,也可以勾勒出近東音樂的影響波及歐洲并導(dǎo)致交響樂的大部分樂器發(fā)展的大致輪廓。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
手稿式樂譜或印刷式樂譜都是物質(zhì)文化。學(xué)者曾經(jīng)將民樂文化定義為這樣的文化,即,人們用耳朵學(xué)會(huì)吟唱曲子,而不是背誦樂譜。但是對(duì)歐洲、英國(guó)和美國(guó)的研究顯示了過去幾個(gè)世紀(jì)里口頭和書面資料的相互影響。印刷式樂譜形式單調(diào),因?yàn)樗鼈兺鶎⑺懈枨紭?biāo)準(zhǔn)化,但是它們卻促使人們創(chuàng)作新的、不同的歌曲。而且,讀樂譜的能力對(duì)音樂家有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響,當(dāng)這種能力得到普及時(shí),它對(duì)整個(gè)音樂文化將產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
音樂根植于孕育了它的文化背景?,F(xiàn)在我們?cè)絹碓疥P(guān)注民樂中的傳統(tǒng)和民族特色,并且在對(duì)待許多傳統(tǒng)文化遺產(chǎn)時(shí)愿意將民樂保存下來。全世界的音樂家忙著記錄自己國(guó)家的古典音樂,因?yàn)樗鼈兇砹霜?dú)特的文化。人們總是渴望保留個(gè)性特色,而不是找到所有文化共有的普遍特點(diǎn)。
音樂物質(zhì)文化的一個(gè)更重要的部分應(yīng)該被提出來:電子媒體——如收音機(jī)、唱機(jī)、錄音機(jī)、電視、未來能說會(huì)唱的計(jì)算機(jī)以及其他發(fā)明——的影響。這都屬于“信息革命”,一種和19世紀(jì)的工業(yè)革命一樣重要的20世紀(jì)的現(xiàn)象。這些電子媒體不僅限于出現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)代國(guó)家,而是影響了整個(gè)世界的音樂文化。
Part B
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the lish A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
As more and more material from other cultures became available, European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-Avesta. From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely, not only by geographical region but also by historical period.
(41) __________
He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community, whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society.
Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century, the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages, scholars concluded, belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples.
(42) __________
For example, an expression like “maiden dawn” for “sunrise” resulted first in personification of the dawn, and then in myths about her.
Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology, much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations, for remains from the distant past.
(43) __________
Similarly, British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough. According to Frazer’s scheme, human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces (magic), later explaining them as the will of the gods (religion), and finally subjecting them to rational investigation (science).
The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith, published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1889), also influenced Frazer. Through Smith’s work, Frazer came to believe that many myths had their origin in the ritual practices of ancient agricultural peoples, for whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance.
(44) __________
This approach reached its most extreme form in the so-called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, who held that every myth implies a ritual, and every ritual implies a myth.
Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core—whether the seasonal cycles of nature, historical circumstances, or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century, investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves.
(45) __________
[A] German-born British scholar Max Müller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India-the oldest preserved body of l,iterature written in an Indo-European language-reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. M ller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.
[B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called, was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.
[C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths—like dreams—condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.
[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.
[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottolob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths (instead of fibula, meaning “fable”) to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.
[F] German scholar Karl Otfried M ller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, 1825).
答案
41.F 42.A 43.D 44.B 45.C
總體分析
本文是一篇介紹19世紀(jì)神話研究發(fā)展的文學(xué)藝術(shù)理論型文章。
第一至六段:歐洲學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)神話的復(fù)雜多樣性不僅是地域差異也是不同歷史時(shí)期造成的,于是他們?cè)噲D尋找世界上神話的共性:所有歐洲神話共同的母神話,并提出此后的神話都是關(guān)于早期人類對(duì)自然現(xiàn)象生動(dòng)形象的敘述的曲解。
第七至十二段:在進(jìn)化論的影響下,神話研究中不同時(shí)期的神話被看作是反映了人類社會(huì)宗教、哲學(xué)發(fā)展的不同階段。其中一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為神話來源于農(nóng)耕民族的祭祀活動(dòng)。
第十三至十四段:從18世紀(jì)到20世紀(jì),神話研究者從注重神話的本質(zhì),轉(zhuǎn)向關(guān)注神話敘述形式本身。
試題精解
41.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文內(nèi)容的銜接。
本題空格出現(xiàn)在第二段。上文提到一種結(jié)論:神話人物變化多樣,不僅隨地理區(qū)域也隨歷史時(shí)期而變化。下文則通過引用專家觀點(diǎn)給出了論據(jù),即他提出相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的希臘神話反映了初級(jí)農(nóng)耕社會(huì)所關(guān)注的問題,而更為錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的神話則是較發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì)的產(chǎn)物。因此上下文的主題都是關(guān)于歷史時(shí)期對(duì)神話的影響,即不同的時(shí)期有不同的神話。由于下文中出現(xiàn)了特征詞——人稱代詞he,因此空格處應(yīng)出現(xiàn)專有人名,但所有的選項(xiàng)都符合這個(gè)條件,因此關(guān)鍵是內(nèi)容上的銜接。[A]項(xiàng)提到,神話是曲解了早期人類對(duì)自然現(xiàn)象生動(dòng)形象的敘述而產(chǎn)生的。[B]項(xiàng)指出所有神話源自于社會(huì)的集體宗教儀式。[C]項(xiàng)提到,神話像夢(mèng)一樣,把經(jīng)歷濃縮并用象征的方式表達(dá)出來。[D]項(xiàng)指出,人類宗教和哲學(xué)發(fā)展可以分成不同的進(jìn)化階段。[E]項(xiàng)談到第一位用拉丁詞myths來指英雄和神的故事的學(xué)者。顯然,以上選項(xiàng)都超出了上下文的主題,含有新信息。而[F]項(xiàng)只提到一個(gè)專有人名和他的代表作,沒有給出新信息。其中this line of inquiry(這種研究思路)指上文的“神話隨歷史時(shí)期而變化”。
注:1 Persephone珀?duì)柸D嫠怪?,被冥王劫持娶作冥后。其母親谷神得墨忒耳大為發(fā)狂,威脅冥王如果不交還女兒就將人類世界變成永恒的冬天。他們最終達(dá)成了協(xié)議,在最溫暖的夏季的開始,珀?duì)柸D唤换刈约耗赣H的身邊。而每到冬天,珀?duì)柸D惨氐降馗惆橼ね豕纤?。而得墨忒耳也派出?zhàn)車去人間播種,讓經(jīng)歷過嚴(yán)酷懲罰的人間再次恢復(fù)生機(jī)。2 Homer荷馬,希臘史詩作者,創(chuàng)作了西方文學(xué)最偉大的兩部作品《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
42.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文內(nèi)容的銜接。
本題空格出現(xiàn)在第五段中。上文提到神話研究專家們尋找一種衍生了歐洲所有民族神話的母神話。下文是舉例子:像用“少女般的黎明”來表達(dá)“日出”開始是使黎明擬人化,后來則成了關(guān)于少女的神話??崭裉幍膬?nèi)容應(yīng)承上啟下。[A]項(xiàng)前部分提到,德國(guó)裔英國(guó)學(xué)者麥克斯•繆勒提出,古印度的《梨俱吠陀》(Rig Veda)是保存下來的用印歐語言創(chuàng)作的最古老的文獻(xiàn),它反映了印歐神話的最初階段。該內(nèi)容與上文的“母神話”相呼應(yīng)。[A]項(xiàng)后部分提到,繆勒認(rèn)為所有后來創(chuàng)作的神話都是曲解了早期人類對(duì)自然現(xiàn)象生動(dòng)形象的敘述而產(chǎn)生的。而下文的例子正好說明了這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。因此[A]項(xiàng)正確。
43.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文內(nèi)容的銜接+段落主題。
本題空格出現(xiàn)在第八段中。上文提到,學(xué)者對(duì)神話歷史的研究就如同鉆研化石沉積的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造一樣。要更好地理解這句話就得再看這句話的上文,即該段首句:英國(guó)自然學(xué)家達(dá)爾文提出的進(jìn)化論極大地影響了對(duì)神話的研究。它也是整段的主題句。下文首先出現(xiàn)的表示比較關(guān)系的邏輯詞similarly(同樣地,類似地)表明空格處內(nèi)容和下文在邏輯上是順接關(guān)系。下文接著提到,英國(guó)人類學(xué)家弗萊齊在其人類學(xué)名著《金枝》(The Golden Bough)中提出了人類進(jìn)化歷史的三個(gè)大體階段。綜合上下文,可見該段的主題都是討論進(jìn)化論觀點(diǎn)對(duì)神話的影響。[D]項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞evolutionary,談到英國(guó)人類學(xué)家泰勒爵士在《原始文化》(Primitive Culture)一書中將人類宗教和哲學(xué)發(fā)展分成不同的進(jìn)化階段,符合段落主題,是正確答案。
44.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文內(nèi)容的銜接+段落主題。
本題空格出現(xiàn)在第十一段中。上文提到,受英國(guó)學(xué)者史密斯的影響,弗萊齊開始相信很多神話源自古代農(nóng)耕民族的宗教儀式,因?yàn)閷?duì)于這些民族來說,植物一年四季的循環(huán)生長(zhǎng)至關(guān)重要。下文提到,這種方式在英國(guó)人類學(xué)家拉德克利夫•布朗所謂的結(jié)構(gòu)——功能主義里達(dá)到了極端的形式。他認(rèn)為每一個(gè)神話都暗示著一種祭祀,而每一種祭祀又體現(xiàn)了一個(gè)神話??梢娫摱沃黝}內(nèi)容是關(guān)于祭祀與神話之間的關(guān)系。[B]項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞rituals,指出神話和祭祀理論在英國(guó)學(xué)者那里得到充分發(fā)展,她指出所有的神話源自于一個(gè)社會(huì)的全部祭祀。
45.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文內(nèi)容的銜接+段落主題。
本題空格出現(xiàn)在末段。上文將18、19世紀(jì)的神話與20世紀(jì)的神話作比較,指出前一階段趨向于把神話還原為一些本質(zhì)核心的內(nèi)容——不管是自然的季節(jié)循環(huán)、歷史環(huán)境還是宗教儀式。一旦敘述中想象的成分被剝離后,就會(huì)剩下核心內(nèi)容。而后一階段研究者開始密切注意神話敘述本身。因此空格處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)延續(xù)上文,繼續(xù)討論20世紀(jì)神話的特點(diǎn)。[A]和[B]項(xiàng)分別討論神話的本質(zhì):描述自然現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的誤解和祭祀;[C]項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)了神話的敘述方式,指出它如夢(mèng)一般,是把經(jīng)歷濃縮再用象征的方式表達(dá)出來的。因此和上文內(nèi)容銜接緊密。
全文翻譯
當(dāng)從其他文化獲得的資料越來越多時(shí),歐洲的學(xué)者逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到神話傳統(tǒng)的極大復(fù)雜性。尤其有價(jià)值的是像《薄伽梵歌》和《亞吠陀》這樣的古印第安和伊朗經(jīng)文提供的證據(jù)。這些來源很清楚地說明了神話人物變化多樣, 不僅有地理區(qū)域的不同,也有歷史時(shí)期的差別。
德國(guó)學(xué)者卡爾•奧特弗雷德•繆勒在其1825年出版的《科學(xué)神話緒論》一書中遵循了這種研究思路。[F]
他認(rèn)為, 希臘有關(guān)珀?duì)柸D南鄬?duì)簡(jiǎn)單的神話反映了初級(jí)農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)人們的憂慮,而后來在荷馬史詩中發(fā)現(xiàn)的更復(fù)雜的神話則是較發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì)的產(chǎn)物。
學(xué)者們也試圖以某種方式把全世界各種各樣的神話聯(lián)系起來。從18世紀(jì)晚期到19世紀(jì)早期,為了解釋歐洲和近東各種各樣語言之間的驚人相似性,對(duì)語言的比較性研究導(dǎo)致假設(shè)母語的重構(gòu)。學(xué)者們作出結(jié)論,認(rèn)為這些語言屬于一種印歐語系。研究神話的專家也在探求一種共同神話,這種神話可能衍生了歐洲所有民族的神話。
德裔英國(guó)學(xué)者麥克斯•繆勒得出結(jié)論:現(xiàn)存的用印歐語記載的量古老作品,古印度的《梨俱吠陀》文集反映的是最初階段的印歐神話。穆勒把后來的所有神話歸結(jié)為人們的誤解,這些誤解源于早期人們用來描述自然現(xiàn)象的生動(dòng)語言。[A]
比如,用“少女般的黎明”來表示“日出”最初使得黎明人格化,后來演變成有關(guān)少女的神話。
19世紀(jì)末期,英國(guó)的自然學(xué)家查爾斯•達(dá)爾文提出的進(jìn)化理論對(duì)神話的研究產(chǎn)生了重要影響。學(xué)者們研究神話的歷史,就像他們?yōu)榱藢ふ疫b遠(yuǎn)的古代遺跡而鉆研化石沉積的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造一樣。
在英國(guó)人類學(xué)家愛德華•伯納德•泰勒的作品中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這種方式。在他1871年出版的《原始文明》一書中,泰勒把人類的宗教和哲學(xué)發(fā)展系統(tǒng)地分成單獨(dú)的不同的進(jìn)化階段。[D]
同樣,英國(guó)的人類學(xué)家詹姆士•喬治•弗萊齊在《金枝》一書中提出了一個(gè)“三階段進(jìn)化體系”。根據(jù)弗萊齊的體系,起初人們把自然現(xiàn)象歸結(jié)為反復(fù)無常的超自然力量(魔法),后來把它們解釋為上帝的意愿(宗教),最后,把它們歸類為理性的研究(科學(xué))。
英國(guó)學(xué)者威廉•羅伯遜•史密斯1889年登載于《有關(guān)閃族人的宗教的演講》一文中的研究也對(duì)弗萊齊產(chǎn)生了影響。通過史密斯的作品,弗萊齊開始認(rèn)為,許多神話源于古代農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)人們的宗教儀式習(xí)慣,對(duì)這些人來說,植物的年輪意義非凡。
這種方法被英國(guó)學(xué)者簡(jiǎn)•艾倫•哈里森發(fā)展得充分,并逐漸被稱為“神話和宗教儀式理論”。應(yīng)用從法國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)家埃米爾•德克海姆的作品中獲得的見解,哈里森認(rèn)為,所有神話都源于一個(gè)社會(huì)的集體宗教儀式。[B]
這種方式在英國(guó)人類學(xué)家A•R•拉德克利夫•布朗所謂的結(jié)構(gòu)——功能主義中達(dá)到了極點(diǎn),他認(rèn)為,每一種神話都預(yù)示著一種宗教儀式,而每一種宗教儀式也暗示著一種神話。
18世紀(jì)和19世紀(jì)有關(guān)神話的大多數(shù)分析表現(xiàn)出一種把神話還原為本質(zhì)核心的內(nèi)容的趨勢(shì)——不管是自然的季節(jié)性循環(huán)、歷史環(huán)境,還是宗教儀式。一旦敘述中的想象成分被剝離后,留下的可能就是核心內(nèi)容。在20世紀(jì),研究人員開始更密切地關(guān)注敘述本身。
奧地利心理分析家西格蒙德•弗洛伊德認(rèn)為,神話就像夢(mèng)一樣,濃縮了經(jīng)驗(yàn)素材,并用象征的方式表達(dá)出來。[C]
干擾項(xiàng)[E] 這個(gè)時(shí)期里進(jìn)行的研究在德國(guó)學(xué)者克里絲汀•海尹的作品中得到鞏固,他是第一個(gè)用拉丁詞myths(而不是fibula,意思是“神話”)來表示英雄和神的故事。
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
There is no question that science-fiction writers have become more ambitious, stylistically and thematically, in recent years. (46) But this may have less to do with the luring call of academic surroundings than with changing market conditions—a factor that academic critics rarely take into account. Robert Silverberg, a former president of The Science Fiction Writers of America, is one of the most prolific professionals in a field dominated by people who actually write for a living. (Unlike mystery or Western writers, most science-fiction writers cannot expect to cash in on fat movie sales or TV tie-ins.) (47) Still in his late thirties, Silverberg has published more than a hundred books, and he is disarmingly frank about the relationship between the quality of genuine prose and the quality of available outlet. By his own account, he was “an annoyingly verbal young man” from Brooklyn who picked up his first science-fiction book at the age of ten, started writing seriously at the age of thirteen, and at seventeen nearly gave up in despair over his inability to break into the pulp magazines. (48) At his parents’ urging, he enrolled in Columbia University, so that, if worst came to worst, he could always go to the School of Journalism and “get a nice steady job somewhere”. During his sophomore year, he sold his first science-fiction story to a Scottish magazine named Nebula. By the end of his junior year, he had sold a novel and twenty more stories. (49) By the end of his senior year, he was earning two hundred dollars a week writing science fiction, and his parents were reconciled to his pursuit of the literary life. “I became very cynical very quickly,” he says. First I couldn’t sell anything, then I could sell everything. The market played to my worst characteristics. An editor of a schlock magazine would call up to tell me he had a ten-thousand-word hole to fill in his next issue. I’d fill it overnight for a hundred and fifty dollars. I found that rewriting made no difference. (50) I knew I could not possibly write the kinds of things I admired as a reader—Joyce, Kafka, Mann—so I detached myself from my work. I was a phenomenon among my friends in college, a published, selling author. But they always asked, “When are you going to do something serious?” —meaning something that wasn’t science fiction—and I kept telling them, “ When I’m financially secure.”#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
答案
46.但是這一點(diǎn)與其說是與學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境具有誘惑力的召喚有關(guān),還不如說是與變化的市場(chǎng)狀況有關(guān)——一這是一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)論家很少考慮的因素。
47.還不到四十歲,西爾弗伯格就已出版了一百多本書籍,而他對(duì)真正散文的質(zhì)量與應(yīng)時(shí)之作的質(zhì)量之間的關(guān)系十分坦誠,毫無掩飾。
48.在他雙親的敦促下,他報(bào)考了哥倫比亞大學(xué),所以即便最糟他也能進(jìn)入新聞學(xué)校,“將來總可以有一份穩(wěn)定的好工作。”
49.到大四結(jié)束的時(shí)候,他每星期寫科幻小說已經(jīng)可以賺兩百美元了,而他的雙親也接受了他對(duì)于文學(xué)生涯的追求。
50.我知道我寫不出作為讀者的我所喜歡的東西,就像喬伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品,所以我不再那么關(guān)注我所寫的東西。
總體分析
本文介紹了科幻小說家羅伯特•西爾弗伯格。文章先指出科幻小說的繁榮與市場(chǎng)需求關(guān)系緊密,接著通過介紹多產(chǎn)的科幻小說家西爾弗伯格的創(chuàng)作經(jīng)歷予以說明。
本文考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn):后置定語、插入語、比較結(jié)構(gòu)、同位語、上下文中詞義的選擇,等。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):比較結(jié)構(gòu)、同位語的翻譯。
該句的主干是this may have less to do with... than with...,其中含有一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)less... than...,可譯為“與其說…不如說…”。破折號(hào)后是名詞短語a factor that... 做整個(gè)主句的同位語,其中that引導(dǎo)的定語從句做后置定語。由于是同位語,可單獨(dú)譯為一個(gè)句子,補(bǔ)譯“這”為它的主語。
詞匯:luring是lure的現(xiàn)在分詞形式,可譯為“具有誘惑力的”;factor意為“因素”;take into account意為“考慮”。
47.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):詞義的選擇。
該句是and連接的兩個(gè)并列分句,其主干是Silverberg has published... , and he is frank about...。
詞匯:in one’s thirties意為“在(某人)三十幾歲時(shí)”,由于本句中有l(wèi)ate修飾,如果直譯為“三十幾歲晚期”不符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣,應(yīng)意譯為“不到四十歲”。disarmingly意為“使人消除敵意(或懷疑、怒氣等)的”,與frank一起應(yīng)譯為“十分坦誠、直言不諱”。genuine意為“真正的;坦率的,真誠的”。available意為“可獲得的,可找到的”,outlet意為“(思想、感情、精力發(fā)泄的)出路,表現(xiàn)機(jī)會(huì)”,available outlet不能直譯,而應(yīng)根據(jù)上文對(duì)應(yīng)的genuine prose(真正的散文)意譯為“應(yīng)時(shí)之作”。
48.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):順譯法。
該句是主從復(fù)合句,其主干是he enrolled... so that... he could go to...,翻譯時(shí)可采用順譯的方法,保持原來句子的順序。句首介詞短語At his parents’ urging作狀語。so that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句,其中插入語if worst came to worst做條件狀語,應(yīng)意譯為“在最糟糕的情況下”。
詞匯:urging為urge的動(dòng)名詞形式,譯為“敦促”;
49.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):順譯法和分詞的翻譯。
該句是and連接的并列句,其主干是he was earning... and his parents were...,可采用順譯的方法翻譯。前一分句中,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)writing science fiction作方式狀語,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)置于謂語前面,譯為“(通過)寫科幻小說”。
詞匯:be reconciled to意為“將就,妥協(xié),接受”。
50.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):插入語、后置定語的翻譯
該句是個(gè)主從復(fù)合句,其主干是I knew... so I detached...。主從句之間是插入語,列舉了幾個(gè)作家的名字,根據(jù)上下文,這些名字實(shí)際上指代的是作家的作品,應(yīng)補(bǔ)譯為“喬伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品”。I knew后是省略了關(guān)系代詞的賓語從句I could not write...,其中賓語the kind of things后又接有一個(gè)定語從句I admired as...,由于定語不長(zhǎng),可直接譯為漢語的前置定語。
詞匯:detach oneself from sth.意為“掙脫,擺脫,離開”,文中應(yīng)意譯為“不關(guān)注我寫的東西”。
全文翻譯
毫無疑問,近些年在文體和主題上科幻小說作者已經(jīng)變得更加雄心勃勃了。但是這一點(diǎn)與其說是與學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境具有誘惑力的召喚有關(guān),還不如說是與變化的市場(chǎng)狀況有關(guān)——一這是一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)論家很少考慮的因素。前美國(guó)科幻小說家協(xié)會(huì)主席羅伯特•西爾弗伯格是在一個(gè)以寫作為生計(jì)的作家為主導(dǎo)的領(lǐng)域中最多產(chǎn)的作家之一。(不像推理作家或西部文學(xué)作家,大部分科幻小說作家都不能指望從電影的熱銷或相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的銷售中牟利。)還不到四十歲,西爾弗伯格就已出版了一百多本書籍,而他對(duì)真正散文的質(zhì)量與應(yīng)時(shí)之作的質(zhì)量之間的關(guān)系十分坦誠,毫無掩飾。按照他自己的說法,“他是來自布魯克林一個(gè)令人討厭的舞文弄墨的年輕人”,他十歲的時(shí)候看了第一本科幻小說,十三歲時(shí)開始認(rèn)真地寫作,到了十七歲由于對(duì)不能進(jìn)入庸俗雜志領(lǐng)域的絕望而差點(diǎn)放棄寫作。在他雙親的敦促下,他報(bào)考了哥倫比亞大學(xué),所以即便最糟他也能進(jìn)入新聞學(xué)校,“將來總可以有一份穩(wěn)定的好工作。”大二時(shí),他將他的第一個(gè)科幻故事賣給了一家叫《星云》的蘇格蘭科幻雜志。到大三結(jié)束時(shí),他賣掉了一本小說和二十多個(gè)故事。到大四結(jié)束的時(shí)候,他每星期寫科幻小說已經(jīng)可以賺兩百美元了,而他的雙親也接受了他對(duì)于文學(xué)生涯的追求。“很快我變得非常憤世嫉俗。”他說,我先是什么也賣不出,然后什么都賣得出。市場(chǎng)使我不好的性格展現(xiàn)出來。一個(gè)下三濫雜志的編輯會(huì)打電話告訴我他下一期雜志中缺一萬字的文稿,于是我為了150美元的稿酬連夜趕稿。我發(fā)現(xiàn)改寫后沒有什么不一樣。我知道我寫不出作為讀者的我所喜歡的東西,就像喬伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品,所以我不再那么關(guān)注我所寫的東西。在我的大學(xué)朋友中,我是一個(gè)成功的人,一個(gè)已出版了作品和正在銷售書籍的作者。但他們總是問:“你什么時(shí)候?qū)扅c(diǎn)嚴(yán)肅的作品?”——指的是科幻小說之外的東西——而我總是說,“當(dāng)我經(jīng)濟(jì)上穩(wěn)妥了以后。”
Part A
51. Directions:
You have stayed with your friend’s family for a month. Now you are going back home. Write a message to your friend’s family to
1) express your gratitude.
2) show your appreciation of the good days you’ve had together.
3) say goodbye.
You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sig your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)
參考范文
I am writing this letter to thank you for the hospitality you gave me during my one-month stay with you.
During this period, you managed to make me feel at home with all your consideration and hospitality. Especially, I want to show my gratitude to you for your effort made in adapting to my irregular schedules. I count myself fortunate indeed to have had the opportunity to spend the memorable 30 days with you.
Now, I am going back home. I am really reluctant to say good bye to you.
With thanks again and best wishes to you.
Yours,
Li Ming
Part B
52.Directions:
Enormous changes took place in the last two decades of the 20th century, which is revealed in the changes on dinner tables. Here are two pairs of pictures. You are required to
1) describe the pictures,
2) interpret the pictures, and
3) make a comment upon it.
You should write 160—200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)
52.一、 審題謀篇
本題為圖畫式作文。四個(gè)圖畫形成了兩組對(duì)比,一組是橫向?qū)Ρ?,即農(nóng)村與城市的對(duì)比;一組是縱向?qū)Ρ龋?0世紀(jì)80年代與2000年以后的對(duì)比,因此考生描述圖片時(shí)應(yīng)首先想到使用比較論證手法。從比較中可發(fā)現(xiàn),農(nóng)村和城市居民的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)在20年中都產(chǎn)生了變化,有意思的是,這種變化是城鄉(xiāng)飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的一種互換??忌@然不能遺漏這個(gè)重要信息,應(yīng)就此進(jìn)行分析和發(fā)揮。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
再看指導(dǎo)語可知,文章應(yīng)以圖畫展示的內(nèi)容為主題,(一)描述圖畫;(二)闡述圖畫所要表達(dá)的含義;(三)發(fā)表自己的看法。
二、參考范文一
As is shown in the four pictures, there has been great change in Chinese diet since 1980s. Twenty years ago, people in the village always had corn, steam corn buns, sweet potatoes and vegetables as their main food. The urban people were comparatively rich, so they can afford the expensive dishes of rice, meat, eggs and fish daily. Nowadays it seems, to our surprise, the village people and city residents have exchanged their dinner tables.
The phenomenon reflects that people’s diet concept is changing while their living standard is progressing. On the one hand, with the improvement of the villagers’ living standard, the proportion of high-nutrition food, such as eggs and meat, has also increased in their diet. On the other hand, as many modern-day diseases, such as hypertension, high levels of blood lipids, and diabetes, are found to be diet-related disorders, the city dwellers have become more health-conscious, and they prefer the low-protein and high-fiber food to high-fat meals.
Of course, we can’t judge hastily which eating habit is better, because only a balanced diet can benefit people’s body. However, it is a pleasure to see more and more Chinese people are pursuing a better life by choosing a varied and balanced diet.
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