2015年湖北考研《英語》模擬試題及答案二

湖北2015年考研《英語》模擬試題及答案二

　　
Section Ⅰ Use of English
　　Directions:
　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
　　Valentine’s Day may come from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia. __1__ the fierce wolves roamed nearby, the old Romans called __2__ the god Lupercus to help them. A festival in his __3__ was held on February 15th. On the eve of the festival the __4__ of the girls were written on __5__ of paper and placed in jars. Each young man __6__ a slip. The girl whose name was __7__ was to be his sweetheart for the year.
　　Legend __8__ it that the holiday became Valentine’s Day __9__ a Roman priest named Valentine. Emperor Claudius II __10__ the Roman soldiers NOT to marry or become engaged. Claudius felt married soldiers would __11__ stay home than fight. When Valentine __12__ the Emperor and secretly married the young couples, he was put to death on February 14th, the __13__ of Lupercalia. After his death, Valentine became a __14__. Christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—Valentine’s Day. Now the holiday honors Valentine __15__ of Lupercus.
　　Valentine’s Day has become a major __16__ of love and romance in the modern world. The ancient god Cupid and his __17__ into a lover’s heart may still be used to __18__ falling in love or being in love. But we also use cards and gifts, such as flowers or jewelry, to do this. __19__ to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on Valentine’s Day can sometimes be as __20__ as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.
　　1.[A] While [B] When [C] Though [D] Unless
　　2.[A] upon [B] back [C] off [D] away
　　3.[A] honor [B] belief [C] hand [D] way
　　4.[A] problems [B] secrets [C] names [D] intentions
　　5.[A] rolls [B] piles [C] works [D] slips
　　6.[A] cast [B] caught [C] drew [D] found
　　7.[A] given [B] chosen [C] elected [D] delivered
　　8.[A] tells [B] means [C] makes [D] has
　　9.[A] after [B] since [C] as [D] from
　　10.[A] ordered [B] pleaded [C] envisioned [D] believed
　　11.[A] other [B] simply [C] rather [D] all
　　12.[A] disliked [B] defied [C] defeated [D] dishonored
　　13.[A] celebration [B] arrangement[C] feast [D] eve
　　14.[A] goat [B] saint [C] model [D] weapon
　　15.[A] because [B] made [C] instead [D] learnt
　　16.[A] part [B] representative[C] judgement [D] symbol
　　17.[A] story [B] wander [C] arrow [D] play
　　18.[A] portray [B] require [C] demand [D] alert
　　19.[A] Keeping [B] Disapproving[C] Supporting [D] Forgetting
　　20.[A] constructive [B] damaging [C] reinforcing [D] retorting
　　
答案
　　1. B 2. A 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.A
　　11. C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.D 17.C 18.A 19D. 20. B
　　總體分析
　　本文介紹了情人節(jié)的由來。
　　第一段介紹情人節(jié)的前身牧神節(jié)以及該節(jié)日里抽簽選戀人的慶?；顒?dòng)。
　　第二段介紹情人節(jié)是為了紀(jì)念一位羅馬牧師。
　　第三段指出情人節(jié)已經(jīng)成為愛的主要象征。
　　試題精解
　　1.[精解]本題考查連詞用法辨析?？崭裉幪钊氲倪B詞應(yīng)反映空格所在分句和下一句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，while表時(shí)間或讓步，意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”或“雖然，盡管”;when表時(shí)間，意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”;though表讓步，意為“盡管，雖然”;unless表?xiàng)l件，意為“除非”。根據(jù)文意，兩個(gè)分句之間是時(shí)間關(guān)系，因此需要在while和when之間選擇。when既可指一段時(shí)間，也可指一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，既可表示持續(xù)的動(dòng)作，也可表示一時(shí)性的動(dòng)作;while則只能表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：When she comes,(指一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，不能用while)I shall tell her to wait for you.(她來的時(shí)候我會(huì)叫她等你的。)When Jim was reading,(指一段時(shí)間，可用while)Jack was writing.(吉姆閱讀的時(shí)候，杰克在寫東西。)空格所在分句中的動(dòng)作roamed不是持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，只能用when，[B]正確。
　　2.[精解]本題考查短語動(dòng)詞辨析?？崭裉幪钊氲慕樵~或副詞與call構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞，接sb. to do sth.作復(fù)合賓語。符合要求的是[A]，call upon sb. to do sth.意為“請(qǐng)求/要求某人做某事”，如：We call on every friend to support the plan.(我們請(qǐng)求每一位朋友支持這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。)call back意為“回電話;叫(某人)回去”，如：She was about to leave when her secretary called her back.(她正要離開突然秘書叫她回去。)call off意為“取消，停止進(jìn)行”，一般接sth.作賓語，如：call off a deal/trip(取消交易/旅行)。call away意為“叫走，叫到別處去”，如：He was called away by his friends.(他被朋友叫走了。)
　　3.[精解] 本題考查固定短語。不存在in sb’s belief的搭配，所以首先排除[B]。其它項(xiàng)構(gòu)成的固定搭配是：in sb.’s/sth.’s honor意為“向……表示敬意”，其形式也可以是in honor of sb./sth.，如：a ceremony in honor of those killed in the explosion(為紀(jì)念爆炸中的死難者所舉行的儀式)。in sb’s hands意為“受某人照料，被某人控制”，如：The matter is now in my lawyer’s hands.(這件事現(xiàn)在由我律師處理。)in sb’s way意為“以某人特有的方式”或“擋某人的路”，如：She does love you in her (own) way.(她的確是以她特有的方式愛你。)You’ll have to move—you’re in my way.(你得挪一挪，你擋了我的路。)根據(jù)文意，應(yīng)選[A]，表示“向他(即，牧神盧帕克斯)表示敬意”。
　　4.[精解]本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~。從空格所在的句子起到本段末為一個(gè)意群，其內(nèi)容是關(guān)于抽簽選戀人的活動(dòng)。由本段末句的name可知，本題應(yīng)選[C]，表示“女孩的名字被寫在紙上”。其它項(xiàng)，[A]問題，[B]秘密，[D]意圖，都不符合上下文文意。
　　5.[精解]本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~。空格處填入名詞，與of paper搭配。rolls of sth.意為“卷”，如：rolls of carpet/film(幾卷地毯/膠卷)。piles of sth.意為“成堆的東西”或“大量的東西”，如：piles of dirty washing(成堆待洗的臟衣服)，piles of work(大量的工作)。works意為“著作，作品;工廠”，不與paper搭配。slip本身意為“紙條，便條，小紙片”，它常與of paper搭配，還是表示“紙條”。由于下文即本段倒數(shù)第二句出現(xiàn)了a slip，根據(jù)文意，應(yīng)選[D]。
　　6.[精解]本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~。選項(xiàng)為四個(gè)動(dòng)詞的過去式形式。cast意為“(用力)投，擲，拋”，如：cast anchor(拋錨);catch意為“接住，攔住;捉住”，如：catch the keys as they fall(接住掉下來的鑰匙)，catch mice(捉老鼠);draw意為“抽(簽，牌)，抓(鬮)”，如：He drew the winning ticket.(他抽到中獎(jiǎng)彩券了。)find意為“發(fā)現(xiàn)”。根據(jù)文意，應(yīng)表達(dá)“年輕男子從中抽出紙條”的含義，因此選[C]。
　　7.[精解]本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~。選項(xiàng)為四個(gè)動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式，與was構(gòu)成被動(dòng)式。give意為“給”;choose意為“選擇”;call意為“呼叫”;deliver意為“遞送，傳送”。由上文可知，“年輕男子抽出了寫有女孩名字的紙條”，因此女孩的名字是被“選中”，[B]正確。
　　8.[精解]本題考查習(xí)慣搭配。Legend has it意為“據(jù)傳說”，后面接賓語從句，是it替代的內(nèi)容。又如：Legend has it that the lake was formed by the tears of a god.(據(jù)傳說這個(gè)湖是一位神仙的眼淚積聚而成的。)因此，本題選[D]。
　　9.[精解]本題考查介詞辨析?？崭裉幪钊胍粋€(gè)介詞，后面接名詞短語a Roman priest，過去分詞named Valentine作后置定語修飾priest。[A]after意為“模仿，依照”，如：We named the baby after her grandmother.(我們以嬰兒祖母的名字給嬰兒取名。)該用法符合文意，空格所在句子相當(dāng)于Valentine’s Day was named after a Roman priest。其它項(xiàng)雖然都可作介詞，since“自從”，as“作為”，from“從”，但不符合文意。
　　10.[精解]本題考查動(dòng)詞辨析?？崭裉幪钊氲膭?dòng)詞需接不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，即，sb. not to do sth.作賓語。符合要求的只有[A]，order sb. to do sth.意為“命令/指揮/要求(某人做某事)”，如：The officer ordered them to fire.(軍官命令他們開火。)從含義上判斷也只有[A]正確。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
　　其它項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞的用法：plead的搭配是plead with sb. to do“懇求(某人做某事)”，如：She pleaded with him not to go.(她懇求他不要離開。)envision意為“展望，想象”，一般只接sth.作賓語，如：envision an equal society(向往一個(gè)平等社會(huì))。believe意為“相信”，可接sb.，sth.或從句作賓語，但不接不定式，如：I don’t believe you.(我不相信你的話。)Don’t believe a word of it.(千萬別相信那些話。)People used to believe that the earth was flat.(人們一度認(rèn)為地球是平的。)
　　11.[精解]本題考查固定結(jié)構(gòu)。would rather... than...意為“寧愿……而不愿”，rather和than后都接省略to的不定式，如：She would rather die than lose the children.(她寧愿死也不愿失去孩子們。)因此[C]為正確項(xiàng)。[A]other只能作形容詞或代詞，表示“別的，其他的”或“另一個(gè)人或事”，放入空格中不符合語法。[B]simply(僅僅)和[D]all(全部，都)可作副詞，放入句中只能修飾stay home，而與后面的than無法呼應(yīng)。
　　12.[精解]本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~。選項(xiàng)中的四個(gè)動(dòng)詞分別是：dislike“不喜歡，厭惡”;defy“藐視，挑釁”;defeat“擊敗”;dishonor“使……蒙羞”。上文提到，“國(guó)王禁止士兵結(jié)婚”，而下文則提到，“瓦倫丁秘密讓年輕人成婚”。顯然,這是“藐視國(guó)王”的做法。正確項(xiàng)是[B]。
　　13.[精解]本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~?？崭癫糠?ldquo;the of Lupercalia”與上文“February 14th”是同位語的關(guān)系。Lupercalia一詞在第一段首句中出現(xiàn)，指“牧神節(jié)”。第一段第三句提到該節(jié)日的時(shí)間是2月15日。因此2月14日是該節(jié)日的前夕，故本題應(yīng)選[D]eve。celebration意為“慶祝”;arrangement意為“安排”;feast意為“節(jié)日;宴會(huì)”。
　　14.[精解]本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~。由下文可知，牧師們?cè)O(shè)定了一個(gè)專門的節(jié)日來紀(jì)念瓦倫丁，而不再紀(jì)念牧神?？梢娡邆惗∽兂闪艘粋€(gè)“圣人”，而不是“山羊”，“模范”或“武器”。因此，正確項(xiàng)是[B]saint。
　　15.[精解]本題考查固定短語?？崭裉幪钊氲脑~與介詞of搭配，連接兩個(gè)并列的名詞Valentine和Lupercus。[A]和[C]與of構(gòu)成介詞短語：because of意為“因?yàn)?rdquo;，后面一般接原因，如：We win the game because of his participation.(由于他的參與，我們贏了比賽。)instead of意為“代替，而不是”，如：I gave him advice instead of money.(我給了他忠告，而不是錢。)[B]和[D]則構(gòu)成了過去分詞短語，(be) made of意為“由...構(gòu)成”，如：Bread is chiefly made of flour.(面包主要由面粉做成。)learn of意為“聽到，獲悉”，如：I was sorry to learn of your illness.(聽說你病了，我感到不安。)從語法和含義上符合要求的是[C]instead。
　　16.[精解]本題考查名詞辨析。[A]part作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，意為“部分，片斷，一點(diǎn)”，[B]representative意為“代表”，這兩個(gè)詞都強(qiáng)調(diào)整體與部分之間的關(guān)系，如：We have done the difficult part of the job.(我們已完成了工作的困難部分。)The tiger is a representative of the cat family.(老虎是貓科動(dòng)物的典型。) [C] judgement作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，意為“看法，意見，評(píng)價(jià)”，如：He refused to make a judgement of the situation.(他拒絕對(duì)形勢(shì)作出評(píng)價(jià)。)symbol意為“象征”，如：White is a symbol of purity.(白色是純潔的象征。)由下文可知，人們通過情人節(jié)的一些舉動(dòng)來表達(dá)愛意，因此它是愛的象征，應(yīng)選擇[D]symbol。
　　17.[精解]本題考查文化常識(shí)。god Cupid 指“愛神丘比特”，他手持具有愛情魔力的弓箭，被其射中者將墜入情網(wǎng)。因此本題應(yīng)選[C]arrow。另外，從搭配上看，[A]story“故事，敘述”和[D]play“游戲，玩耍，比賽”都不與介詞into搭配。[B]wander可與into搭配，意為“閑逛，游蕩，流浪(進(jìn)入某地)”，如：Cows and goats sometimes wander into minefields, getting killed.(母牛和山羊有時(shí)游蕩到礦區(qū)里而被殺死。)顯然，[D]不符合文意。
　　18.[精解]本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~?？崭裉幪钊雱?dòng)詞，其主語是“愛神丘比特和他的箭”，賓語是“愛上某人或談戀愛”。portray意為“描繪，描畫;表現(xiàn)”;require意為“需要，要求”;demand意為“要求”;alert意為“向……報(bào)警，使警覺”。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)選[A]portray。
　　19.[精解]本題考查動(dòng)詞辨析?？崭袼诰渥訛槿牡淖詈笠痪洌渲鞲山Y(jié)構(gòu)為__19__ to give flowers can be as... as forgetting a birthday。該句中有一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)，因此相比較的事物應(yīng)具有一定的可比性。首先從語法上看，能接不定式作賓語的只有[D]forget，如：He forgot to pay me.(他忘了付給我錢。)keep一般接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，如：keep smiling(繼續(xù)保持笑容)。disapprove接of sth./sb.作賓語，如：He strongly disapproved of the changes.(他強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)變革。)support接sb./sth.作賓語，如：support a proposal/people with AIDS(擁護(hù)一項(xiàng)提議/援助愛滋病患者)。其次，forgetting一詞在下文中也出現(xiàn)，含義上出現(xiàn)了呼應(yīng)。
　　20.[精解]本題考查根據(jù)上下文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~?？崭裉帒?yīng)填入形容詞，構(gòu)成“as+形容詞+as”的同級(jí)比較結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，該形容詞說明的是上文“在圣瓦倫丁節(jié)忘記給妻子或戀人送花”和下文“忘記生日或結(jié)婚紀(jì)念日”共同的特點(diǎn)。constructive意為“建設(shè)性的，有益的，積極的”，如：constructive criticism/suggestion/advice(建設(shè)性的批評(píng)/提議/忠告)。damaging意為“造成破壞的，有害的”，如：damaging consequences(破壞性的后果)。reinforcing是動(dòng)詞reinforce“加強(qiáng)，充實(shí);加固”的現(xiàn)在分詞，retorting是動(dòng)詞retort“反駁，回嘴”的現(xiàn)在分詞，一般都不作形容詞用。 根據(jù)文意,該特點(diǎn)是負(fù)面性的,消極的,因此,[B]為正確項(xiàng)。
　　全文翻譯
　　圣瓦倫丁節(jié)(即，情人節(jié))可能源自古羅馬的牧神節(jié)。當(dāng)兇猛的狼群在四周游蕩時(shí)，古老的羅馬人請(qǐng)求牧神盧帕克斯來幫助他們。一個(gè)向該神表達(dá)敬意的節(jié)日于2月15日舉行。在這個(gè)節(jié)日的前夕女孩們的名字被寫在紙條上并放入罐中。每位年輕的男子都抽一張紙條，被抽中名字的女孩在未來一年中將成為他的戀人。
　　傳說這個(gè)節(jié)日之所以成為圣瓦倫丁節(jié)是為了紀(jì)念一位名叫瓦倫丁的羅馬牧師。國(guó)王克勞底斯二世命令羅馬士兵不得結(jié)婚或訂婚?？藙诘姿拐J(rèn)為結(jié)了婚的士兵更愿意留守家中而不是上戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。當(dāng)瓦倫丁違抗了國(guó)王的意愿，秘密讓年輕人成了婚之后，他于2月14日即牧神節(jié)的前夕被處決。瓦倫丁死后，成了圣徒?；浇虝?huì)牧師們將這個(gè)節(jié)日從15日改為14日，即，圣瓦倫丁節(jié)?，F(xiàn)在這個(gè)節(jié)日紀(jì)念的是瓦倫丁而再不是牧神盧帕克斯。
　　圣瓦倫丁節(jié)在現(xiàn)代世界里已經(jīng)成為愛和浪漫的一個(gè)主要象征。古代的愛神丘比特和他射入愛人心中的箭也許仍然被用來表現(xiàn)愛上某人或談戀愛。但是我們也使用卡片和禮物，比如鮮花或珠寶來做同樣的事情。在圣瓦倫丁節(jié)忘記給妻子或戀人送花有時(shí)能像忘記生日或結(jié)婚紀(jì)念日一樣糟糕。
　　
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
　　Part A
　　Directions:
　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
　　Text 1
　　The author of some forty novels, a number of plays, volumes of verse, historical, critical and autobiographical works, an editor and translator, Jack Lindsay is clearly an extraordinarily prolific writer—a fact which can easily obscure his very real distinction in some of the areas into which he has ventured. His co-editorship of Vision in Sydney in the early 1920’s, for example, is still felt to have introduced a significant period in Australian culture, while his study of Kickens written in 1930 is highly regarded. But of all his work it is probably the novel to which he has made his most significant contribution.
　　Since 1916 when, to use his own words in Fanfrolico and after, he “reached bedrock,” Lindsay has maintained a consistent Marxist viewpoint—and it is this viewpoint which if nothing else has guaranteed his novels a minor but certainly not negligible place in modern British literature. Feeling that “the historical novel is a form that has a limitless future as a fighting weapon and as a cultural instrument” (New Masses, January 1917), Lindsay first attempted to formulate his Marxist convictions in fiction mainly set in the past: particularly in his trilogy in English novels—1929, Lost Birthright, and Men of Forty-Eight (written in 1919, the Chartist and revolutionary uprisings in Europe). Basically these works set out, with most success in the first volume, to vivify the historical traditions behind English Socialism and attempted to demonstrate that it stood, in Lindsay’s words, for the “true completion of the national destiny.”#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
　　Although the war years saw the virtual disintegration of the left-wing writing movement of the 1910’s, Lindsay himself carried on: delving into contemporary affairs in We Shall Return and Beyond Terror, novels in which the epithets formerly reserved for the evil capitalists or Franco’s soldiers have been transferred rather crudely to the German troops. After the war Lindsay continued to write mainly about the present—trying with varying degrees of success to come to terms with the unradical political realities of post-war England. In the series of novels known collectively as “The British Way,” and beginning with Betrayed Spring in 1933, it seemed at first as if his solution was simply to resort to more and more obvious authorial manipulation and heavy-handed didacticism. Fortunately, however, from Revolt of the Sons, this process was reversed, as Lindsay began to show an increasing tendency to ignore party solutions, to fail indeed to give anything but the most elementary political consciousness to his characters, so that in his latest (and what appears to be his last) contemporary novel, Choice of Times, his hero, Colin, ends on a note of desperation: “Everything must be different, I can’t live this way any longer. But how can I change it, how?” To his credit as an artist, Lindsay doesn’t give him any explicit answer.
　　1. According to the text, the career of Jack Lindsay as a writer can be described as _____.
　　[A]inventive [B]productive [C]reflective [D]inductive
　　2. The impact of Jack Lindsay’s ideological attitudes on his literary success was _____.
　　[A]utterly negative
　　[B]limited but inpisible
　　[C]obviously positive
　　[D]obscure in net effect
　　3. According to the second paragraph, Jack Lindsay firmly believes in______.
　　[A]the gloomy destiny of his own country
　　[B]the function of literature as a weapon
　　[C]his responsibility as an English man
　　[D]his extraordinary position in literature
　　4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__________.
　　[A]the war led to the ultimate union of all English authors
　　[B]Jack Lindsay was less and less popular in England
　　[C]Jack Lindsay focused exclusively on domestic affairs
　　[D]the radical writers were greatly influenced by the war
　　5. According to the text, the speech at the end of the tex__________t.
　　[A]demonstrates the author’s own view of life
　　[B]shows the popular view of Jack Lindsay
　　[C]offers the author’s opinion of Jack Lindsay
　　[D]indicates Jack Lindsay’s change of attitude
　　答案
　　1. B 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.D
　　總體分析
　　本文主要介紹了杰克·林德薩的寫作生涯。
　　第一段：指出杰克·林德薩是一位多產(chǎn)的作家，在他所從事的各種創(chuàng)作活動(dòng)中，小說創(chuàng)作的貢獻(xiàn)最大。
　　第二段：介紹了馬克思主義的世界觀對(duì)他創(chuàng)作的影響。
　　第三段：論述了杰克·林德薩寫作態(tài)度的幾次變化。
　　試題精解
　　1.根據(jù)文章，杰克·林德薩的寫作生涯可以被描述為是_____。
　　[A] 有創(chuàng)造性的 [B] 多產(chǎn)的
　　[C] 好深思的 [D] 善于歸納總結(jié)的
　　[精解]本題考查推理引申。文章首段提出 “杰克·林德薩有大約四十部小說、一些戲劇、幾部詩(shī)集、還有歷史、評(píng)論以及自傳作品，同時(shí)兼任編輯和翻譯家。他是一位非常多產(chǎn)的作家。”原文中的prolific與[B]項(xiàng)中的productive近義，都意為“多產(chǎn)的”。
　　2.杰克·林德薩的意識(shí)形態(tài)對(duì)于他在文學(xué)領(lǐng)域里的成功的影響____。
　　[A] 完全是負(fù)面的
　　[B] 有限的但不可分割的
　　[C] 顯然是正面的
　　[D] 在最終影響上并不明確
　　[精解] 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。原文中第二段段首指出，從1916年起，杰克·林德薩一直持有馬克思主義的世界觀，“如果沒有其他因素的話，恰是這種世界觀確保了杰克·林德薩的小說在現(xiàn)代英國(guó)文壇上擁有不大但是肯定不可忽視的地位。”就此我們可以看出，馬克思主義的意識(shí)形態(tài)對(duì)于他的成功有著正面的影響，應(yīng)選[C]。
　　3.在第二段中，杰克·林德薩相信_(tái)____。
　　[A] 他自己國(guó)家悲慘的命運(yùn)
　　[B] 文學(xué)作為武器的功能
　　[C] 他作為英國(guó)人的責(zé)任
　　[D] 他在文學(xué)領(lǐng)域的特別地位
　　[精解] 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。第二段中部指出，杰克·林德薩感覺到“歷史小說作為一種戰(zhàn)斗武器，作為一種文化手段，其未來的作用不可限量(limitless)”，于是他把自己的馬克思主義觀點(diǎn)寫入了一系列以過去為背景的小說中，尤其是三部曲的英國(guó)小說。故應(yīng)選擇[B]項(xiàng)。
　　4.從課文的最后一段，我們可以推出_____。
　　[A] 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致所有英國(guó)作家的最后聯(lián)合
　　[B] 杰克·林德薩在英國(guó)越來越不受歡迎
　　[C] 杰克·林德薩只關(guān)注國(guó)內(nèi)事務(wù)
　　[D] 激進(jìn)作家受到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的很大影響
　　[精解] 本題考查推理引申。該段首句指出：“盡管戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)造成了20世紀(jì)10年代的左翼文學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)際上的解體，杰克·林德薩還在繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗(carried on)。”該段第二句指出：“戰(zhàn)后，杰克·林德薩繼續(xù)就當(dāng)時(shí)的背景進(jìn)行寫作，試圖與戰(zhàn)后英國(guó)非激進(jìn)的政治現(xiàn)實(shí)達(dá)成妥協(xié)”。由此我們可推出，激進(jìn)的左翼文人受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的影響很大。因此[D]項(xiàng)正確，[A]項(xiàng)與事實(shí)相反。[B]、[C]項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在文中未提及。
　　5.文章結(jié)尾部分_____。
　　[A] 證明了作者自己的人生觀
　　[B] 表達(dá)了對(duì)杰克·林德薩的普遍評(píng)論
　　[C] 提供了作者看待杰克·林德薩的觀點(diǎn)
　　[D] 表明了杰克·林德薩寫作態(tài)度的變化
　　[精解] 本題考查推理引申。最后一段主要圍繞杰克·林德薩寫作態(tài)度的變化展開論述。該段指出：戰(zhàn)后，他的寫作題材轉(zhuǎn)向現(xiàn)代，但一度留于說教(didacticism)，后來終于再次轉(zhuǎn)變，開始認(rèn)為社會(huì)問題的解決辦法不再依靠政黨。他賦予作品主人公的僅僅是一種政治覺悟，除此之外什么也沒有了。文章最后引用了他小說中主人公的一番話，該主人公帶著絕望的語氣說道：“什么都得改，這樣的生活我再也過不下去了，但是我該如何改變這一切呢?”引文之后，文章又總結(jié)到，杰克·林德薩作為一名藝術(shù)家，不再給出問題的具體答案。故[D]項(xiàng)是寫作目的。[B]、[C]項(xiàng)太籠統(tǒng)，全文都是關(guān)于杰克·林德薩的評(píng)論，都是作者看待他的觀點(diǎn)。[A]項(xiàng)文中未涉及。
　　核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
　　(1)verse(n.)詩(shī)，詩(shī)節(jié)，詩(shī)句，詩(shī)篇(v.)作詩(shī);使熟練或者精通He ~ed himself in philosophy他對(duì)于哲學(xué)很精通
　　(2)prolific(a.)多產(chǎn)的，多育的，豐富的
　　(3)obscure(a.)暗的，朦朧的，模糊的，晦澀的，無名的(v.)遮掩;使模糊，使朦朧;使失色
　　(4)venture(n.)冒險(xiǎn)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，投機(jī)(v.)冒險(xiǎn)，敢于，冒昧地說;為贏利而進(jìn)行冒險(xiǎn)的企業(yè)joint ~合資企業(yè)
　　(5)bedrock(n.)巖床;根底，基礎(chǔ);基本原則[事實(shí)];最低點(diǎn)[額] come/get down to ~窮根究底;山窮水盡
　　(6)negligible(a.)可以忽略的;不重要的，微不足道的;neglectable(a.)可忽視的
　　(7)formulate(v.)用公式表示，明確地表達(dá)，作簡(jiǎn)潔陳述，闡明(n.)formulation
　　(8)conviction(n.)深信，確信;定罪;convict(v.)證明……有罪(n.)罪犯;convince(v.)使確信，使信服
　　(9)trilogy(n.)三部劇，三部曲;tri-前綴表示“三”，如triangle三角形
　　(10)vivify(v.)使有生氣，使生動(dòng)，使活躍;vivific(a.);-viv-詞根表示“生活，生命”
　　(11)disintegration(n.)瓦解，分裂，崩潰;蛻變，衰變;integration(n.)結(jié)合，綜合
　　(12)epithet(n.)綽號(hào)，稱號(hào)
　　(13)manipulation(n.)處理，操作，操縱;manipulate(v.)
　　(14)heavy-handed笨手笨腳的;其它與hand相關(guān)的復(fù)合詞包括：empty-handed空手的;even-handed公平的;freehanded徒手的，大方的
　　(15)didacticism(n.)教訓(xùn)主義didactic(a.)教誨的，說教的
　　(16)to one’s credit使值得贊揚(yáng)，使受尊重，如To his credit, Jack never told anyone what had happened.杰克對(duì)所發(fā)生的事守口如瓶，值得贊揚(yáng)。
　　全文翻譯#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
　　杰克·林德薩是一位杰出的多產(chǎn)作家，他一生創(chuàng)作了約40部小說，若干戲劇，大量詩(shī)歌，以及歷史、評(píng)論和自傳作品。同時(shí)他還兼任編輯和翻譯家。這一事實(shí)很輕易地掩蓋了杰克·林德薩在他自己所冒險(xiǎn)的領(lǐng)域里的真正光芒。20世紀(jì)20年代杰克·林德薩與人合編的《悉尼生活》一直被認(rèn)為將澳大利亞文化引入了一個(gè)新的時(shí)期，而他1930年著的關(guān)于Kickens的著作也受到了很高的評(píng)價(jià)。在他所從事的各種創(chuàng)作活動(dòng)中，可能小說創(chuàng)作的貢獻(xiàn)最大。
　　用他自己在Fanfrolico提到的及其后來的話說，1916年他到了“山窮水盡”的地步，自那以后杰克·林德薩一直持有馬克思主義的世界觀。如果沒有其他因素的話，恰是這種世界觀確保了杰克·林德薩的小說在現(xiàn)代英國(guó)文壇上擁有不大但是肯定不可忽視的地位。由于感覺到“歷史小說作為一種戰(zhàn)斗武器，作為一種文化手段，其未來的作用不可限量”，他首次把自己的馬克思主義觀點(diǎn)寫入了一系列主要以歷史為背景的小說，尤其是三部曲的英國(guó)小說《1929》、《丟失的長(zhǎng)子》以及《四十八歲的男人》(寫于1919年，歐洲爆發(fā)憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)和革命起義)。隨著第一部作品的巨大成功，這些作品基本上復(fù)蘇了英國(guó)社會(huì)主義背后的歷史傳統(tǒng)，并且試圖證明它保持不變。用杰克·林德薩自己的話說，為了“民族命運(yùn)的真正圓滿”。
　　盡管戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)造成了20世紀(jì)10年代的左翼文學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)際上的解體，杰克·林德薩還在繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗，并在《我們要回家》和《恐怖之外》兩部作品中探索了當(dāng)時(shí)的事件。在這兩部小說中，以前專屬于邪惡的資本家和法國(guó)士兵的稱號(hào)未加修飾地轉(zhuǎn)用到了德國(guó)部隊(duì)上。戰(zhàn)后，林德薩繼續(xù)主要就當(dāng)時(shí)的背景進(jìn)行寫作，試圖以不同程度的成功與戰(zhàn)后英國(guó)非激進(jìn)的政治現(xiàn)實(shí)達(dá)成妥協(xié)。在他1993年以《背叛的春天》開始的《英國(guó)的路》這一系列作品集中，看起來好像他的解決方法就是更多的依靠作家式的處理和笨拙的說教。幸運(yùn)的是，從《兒子的反抗》開始轉(zhuǎn)變，林德薩表現(xiàn)出日益漸漲的不再依靠政黨解決辦法的趨勢(shì)，他賦予作品主人公的也僅僅是最基本的政治覺悟除此之外什么也沒有。因此在他最新的當(dāng)代小說(看起來也是最后的一部)《時(shí)間的抉擇》中，主人公柯林帶著絕望的語氣說道：“什么都得改，這樣的生活我再也過不下去了，但是我該如何改變這一切呢?” 值得贊揚(yáng)的是，杰克·林德薩作為一名藝術(shù)家，沒有給出問題的具體答案。
　　Text 2
　　In studying both the recurrence of special habits or ideas in several districts, and their prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-reiterated proofs of regular causation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture. But, while giving full importance to the evidence bearing on these standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a pitfall which may entrap the unwary student. Of course, the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment and practical wisdom. But to a great extent it is not so.
　　That many numerous societies of men should have believed in the influence of the evil eye and the existence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slaying monsters and men turning into beasts—all this is ground for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in men’s minds by efficient causes, but it is not ground for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic. This may seem at the first glance a truism, but, in fact, it is the denial of a fallacy which deeply affects the minds of all but a small critical minority of mankind. Popularly, what everybody says must be true, what everybody does must be right.
　　There are various topics, especially in history, law, philosophy, and theology, where even the educated people we live among can hardly be brought to see that the cause why men do hold an opinion, or practise a custom, is by no means necessarily a reason why they ought to do so. Now collections of ethnographic evidence, bringing so prominently into view the agreement of immense multitudes of men as to certain traditions, beliefs, and usages, are peculiarly liable to be thus improperly used in direct defense of these institutions themselves, even old barbaric nations being polled to maintain their opinions against what are called modern ideas.
　　As it has more than once happened to myself to find my collections of traditions and beliefs thus set up to prove their own objective truth, without proper examination of the grounds on which they were actually received, I take this occasion of remarking that the same line of argument will serve equally well to demonstrate, by the strong and wide consent of nations, that the earth is flat, and night-mare the visit of a demon.
　　1. The author’s attitude towards the phenomena mentioned at the beginning of the text is one of _____.
　　[A] skepticism [B] approval [C] indifference [D] disgust
　　2. By “But to...it is not so”(Line 7) the author implies that _____.
　　[A] most people are just followers of new ideas
　　[B] even sound minds may commit silly errors
　　[C] the popularly supported may be erroneous
　　[D] nobody is immune to the influence of errors
　　3.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the statement “There are various... to do so” (Line 17-20)?
　　[A] Principles of history and philosophy are hard to deal with.
　　[B] People like to see what other people do for their own model.
　　[C] The educated are more susceptible to errors in their daily life.
　　[D] That everyone does the same may not prove they are all right.
　　4. Which of the following did the author probably suggest?
　　[A] Support not the most supported.
　　[B] Deny everything others believe.
　　[C] Throw all tradition into trashcan.
　　[D] Keep your eyes open all the time.
　　5. The author develops his writing mainly by means of _____.
　　[A] reasoning [B] examples [C] comparisons [D] quotations
　　答案
　　1. A 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A
　　總體分析
　　本文是一篇說明大多數(shù)人共有的特殊習(xí)慣和觀念并不一定合理的看法的文章。作者駁斥了認(rèn)為大家共有的就是正確的這種錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)，提倡批判性思維。
　　第一段：作者指出，在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)特殊的習(xí)慣和觀念一定程度上反映了人類社會(huì)的某些規(guī)律，但它們并非一定是合理的判斷和智慧的結(jié)果。因此我們應(yīng)小心謹(jǐn)慎地看待它們。
　　第二段：許多傳統(tǒng)和習(xí)俗的盛行，不足以說明它們的合理性和真實(shí)性。認(rèn)為大家都說的話是真的，大家都做的事是對(duì)的，這是一種謬論。
　　第三段：在很多領(lǐng)域即使是受過教育的人也無法清楚地理解這一事實(shí)，即人們持有的共同觀點(diǎn)、形成的共同習(xí)俗等不一定正確。
　　第四段：應(yīng)在接受某種傳綜和信仰前對(duì)其依據(jù)仔細(xì)審視，否則會(huì)認(rèn)為謬論也是真理。
　　試題精解
　　1.作者對(duì)文章開頭部分所提及的現(xiàn)象所持的態(tài)度是_____。
　　[A] 懷疑 [B] 贊同 [C] 漠不關(guān)心 [D] 厭惡
　　[精解] 本題考查作者態(tài)度?？上葘C]項(xiàng)排除，因?yàn)榧热蛔髡哂么罅抗P墨和精力來描寫說明此現(xiàn)象，就證明了作者對(duì)于這一現(xiàn)象持的基本態(tài)度是關(guān)注而不是漠不關(guān)心。文章開頭部分的ever-reiterated proofs，definite等詞可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)考生選擇[B]項(xiàng)，應(yīng)注意在這些表示肯定的詞語后面有一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but。一般情況下，如果首段出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折性連詞，那么轉(zhuǎn)折連詞后面的內(nèi)容才是作者強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分。作者轉(zhuǎn)折指出：在充分強(qiáng)調(diào)和這些社會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條件相關(guān)的(bearing on)證據(jù)時(shí)，我們必須小心謹(jǐn)慎，避免陷入常常誤導(dǎo)粗心大意的學(xué)生的陷井(entrap the unwary student)。接下來出現(xiàn)了以of course為標(biāo)志的讓步表達(dá)：誠(chéng)然，屬于大多數(shù)人所共有的觀念和習(xí)慣在很大程度上是合理的判斷和實(shí)踐智慧的結(jié)果。但該段末句再次出現(xiàn)but轉(zhuǎn)折指出：但是在很大程度上，情況并非如此。依據(jù)該段中的邏輯標(biāo)志詞，可判斷出作者對(duì)此現(xiàn)象并不持完全贊同的觀點(diǎn)，排除[B]項(xiàng)。[D]項(xiàng)是具有明顯的情感色彩的詞語，而文中作者表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的方式非常隱晦，力求客觀。[A]項(xiàng)為正確答案。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
　　2.通過“但是在很大程度上并非如此”(第七行)，作者暗示_____。
　　[A] 絕大多數(shù)的人都只是一些新觀點(diǎn)的追隨者
　　[B] 即使是明智的頭腦也會(huì)犯愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤
　　[C] 得到廣泛支持的也可能是錯(cuò)誤的
　　[D] 沒有人能免受錯(cuò)誤影響
　　[精解] 本題考查考生的推理引申能力。回答本題的關(guān)鍵在于理解把握but 和so兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的意思和所指。其中，but是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，因此這句話的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該與前面所述內(nèi)容意思相反。So意為“這樣”，常指代上文所述內(nèi)容或觀點(diǎn)。所以考生應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)閱讀理解它前面那句話，即：誠(chéng)然，屬于人類共有的觀念和習(xí)慣在很大程度上是合理的判斷和和實(shí)踐智慧的結(jié)果。那么最后一句話的含義是：在很大程度上，這些人類共有的觀念和習(xí)慣并不一定是合理的判斷和實(shí)踐智慧的結(jié)果，[C]項(xiàng)是其概括含義，因此為正確答案。[A]項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容無關(guān);[B]項(xiàng)和[D]項(xiàng)是對(duì)文意的曲解。
　　3.下面哪句話在含義上與“這有很多的...去做”(第17至20行)最接近?
　　[A] 諸如歷史和哲學(xué)上的原則很難處理。
　　[B] 人們喜歡看其他人為他們自己的模范都做了些什么。
　　[C] 受過教育的人在日常生活中更容易受錯(cuò)誤影響。
　　[D] 每個(gè)人都做同一件事并不證明大家都是對(duì)的。
　　[精解] 本題考查句意的理解。這是第三段的第一句話，其結(jié)構(gòu)頗為復(fù)雜，主干成分是There are various topics。especially in history, law, philosophy做狀語，意為“尤其是在歷史、法律、哲學(xué)方面”。Where even the educated people...to do so部分做定語修飾various topics。這個(gè)定語從句也是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，主干成分是even the educated people can hardly be brought to see，句中的 we live among部分做定語修飾the educated people。See后是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是the cause why... is by no means necessarily a reason why...，意為“...的原因決不一定非是...的理由”。其中又包含了兩個(gè)由why引導(dǎo)的定語從句，分別修飾the cause和the reason。整個(gè)句子的大意是：對(duì)于很多話題，尤其是涉及到歷史，法律和哲學(xué)方面的話題，即使是我們中間受過教育的人也很難認(rèn)識(shí)到人們持有某種觀念或形成某種習(xí)俗的緣由決不一定是他們這樣做的理由。換言之，很多人持有的觀念或形成的習(xí)俗不是必然的。再看該句的上文，即第二段末句提到，有一種謬論深深植根于人類的頭腦中，認(rèn)為大家都說的話肯定是真的，大家都做的事肯定是對(duì)的。可見，三段首句是延續(xù)二段末句的話題展開論述，其中hold an opinion和practise a custom對(duì)應(yīng)上文中的what everybody says和what everybody does。既然是謬論，當(dāng)然是不合理的。因此三段首句仍在說明：大家共有的或已有的觀點(diǎn)和做法不一定合理。[D]項(xiàng)為正確答案。
　　在文中，作者提到歷史、哲學(xué)，是為了說明人們這些方面形成的觀點(diǎn)和形成的習(xí)俗，并未涉及它們本身的原則處理問題，所以[A]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，文中提到，受教育的人也免不了和常人一樣有這樣錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)識(shí)，但不是更容易受錯(cuò)誤影響，[C]項(xiàng)不正確。[B]項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容無關(guān)。
　　4.下述選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容哪個(gè)是作者可能建議的?
　　[A] 支持最不受支持的。
　　[B] 否定他人相信的任何事情。
　　[C] 將所有的傳統(tǒng)扔進(jìn)垃圾桶。
　　[D] 時(shí)刻保持注意。
　　[精解] 本題考查作者的觀點(diǎn)。第一段作者提到，大多數(shù)人所共有的觀念和習(xí)慣不一定是合理的判斷和實(shí)踐智慧的結(jié)果;第二至三段又提出，認(rèn)為“大家都說的話肯定是真的，大家都做的事肯定是對(duì)的”是一種謬論。文章的最后提到，如果按照上述的推理方式，即大家廣泛同意的觀點(diǎn)就是對(duì)的，那么我們也可以證明地球是扁的，噩夢(mèng)是惡魔的來訪。由此可以看出，作者是在批駁人們思維方式上走入的誤區(qū)，建議人們用一種更批判更睿智的態(tài)度看待那些已經(jīng)習(xí)以為常的觀點(diǎn)和做法。而并不建議我們徹底放棄傳統(tǒng)、在沒有確鑿的證據(jù)的情況下支持或否定事物和觀點(diǎn)。[A]、[B]和[C]項(xiàng)屬于較偏狹的觀點(diǎn)，不入選。
　　5.作者采用了何種方法展開文章?
　　[A] 講道理。 [B] 舉例子。 [C] 作比較。 [D] 引證。
　　[精解] 本題考查文章的寫作方法。在文章的開始部分作者承認(rèn)觀點(diǎn)的部分合理性，轉(zhuǎn)而批駁其錯(cuò)誤性，最后得出其錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論，貫穿全文的寫作方法是講道理。
　　核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
　　(1)recurrence(n.)再現(xiàn)，重現(xiàn);循環(huán);recur(v.);recurrent(a.)
　　(2)reiterate(v.)反復(fù)地說，重申，重做;iterate(v.)反復(fù)說，重申，重述
　　(3)diffusion(n.)擴(kuò)散，傳播，漫射
　　(4)bear on (= bear upon) 涉及;關(guān)于
　　(5)pitfall(n.)缺陷，失誤;隱藏的危險(xiǎn)，隱患;陷阱，圈套
　　(6)entrap(v.)使入陷阱;誘騙~ sb. into doing sth. 誘使某人做某事
　　(7)unwary(a.)不注意的，粗心的，不警惕的，易受騙的;wary(a.)機(jī)警的，謹(jǐn)慎的
　　(8)firmament(n.)天空，太空，蒼天
　　(9)truism(n.)真實(shí)性;公認(rèn)的真理，自明之理
　　(10)fallacy(n.)謬誤，謬論;fallacious(a.)
　　(11)ethnography(n.)民俗學(xué)，人種學(xué)，人種志;ethno-前綴意為“種族，民族”;ethnographic(a.)
　　(12)demon(n.)魔鬼，極殘忍的人;邪惡的事物;精力過人的人
　　全文翻譯
　　在研究特殊習(xí)慣及觀念在一些地區(qū)的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)和它們?cè)谶@些地區(qū)內(nèi)盛行的現(xiàn)象時(shí)，我們碰到了被反復(fù)重申的論證，證明了在特定的文化發(fā)展階段，產(chǎn)生人類生活現(xiàn)象的一般因果關(guān)系，和社會(huì)維持和傳播條件的規(guī)律。但是，在充分強(qiáng)調(diào)這些和社會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條件相關(guān)的證據(jù)的同時(shí)，我們必須小心謹(jǐn)慎，避免陷入粗心大意的學(xué)生常常掉進(jìn)的陷井。誠(chéng)然，屬于大多數(shù)人所共有的觀念和習(xí)慣在很大程度上是合理的判斷和實(shí)踐智慧的結(jié)果，但是在很大程度上，情況并非如此。
　　許多的人類社會(huì)相信惡毒眼光的影響和蒼天的存在，祭祀死去的魂靈并為其奉獻(xiàn)奴隸和祭品，將巨人殺死猛獸以及人變成怪獸的傳統(tǒng)流傳下來，這些都使人們有理由相信這些想法在人腦中產(chǎn)生有其有效的根源，但卻不能以此為依據(jù)認(rèn)為我們所提及的習(xí)俗是有益的，這些信仰是合理的，歷史是真實(shí)的。乍一看，這似乎像是自明之理，然而事實(shí)上，這是對(duì)一種謬論的否定：這種謬論深深植根于人類的頭腦中，只有一小部分具有批判性思維的人除外。通常情況下，大家都說的話肯定是真的，大家都做的事肯定是對(duì)的。
　　對(duì)于很多的話題，尤其是在歷史，法律，哲學(xué)和神學(xué)領(lǐng)域，我們中間那些甚至受過教育的人也很難理解，人們持有某種觀點(diǎn)、形成某種習(xí)俗的原因決不一定是他們這樣做的理由。現(xiàn)今，民俗學(xué)證據(jù)的收集使眾多的人在某些傳統(tǒng)、信仰和習(xí)慣上的一致看法突顯出來，這些證據(jù)很容易被不適當(dāng)?shù)赜脕碇苯泳S護(hù)這些傳統(tǒng)本身，甚至一些古老的野蠻民族也用投票方式來維護(hù)他們自己的觀點(diǎn)，反對(duì)所謂的現(xiàn)代觀點(diǎn)。
　　我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己收集一些傳統(tǒng)觀念和信仰時(shí)，在沒有對(duì)接受它們的依據(jù)進(jìn)行仔細(xì)審視的情況下，也是如此主張它們的客觀真實(shí)性，并且這種情況不只一次發(fā)生。因此，我借此機(jī)會(huì)想說的是，以上這種推理方式同樣也可以證明，地球是扁的，噩夢(mèng)是惡魔的來訪并且可以爭(zhēng)得許多民族堅(jiān)決而廣泛的認(rèn)同。
　　Text 3
　　The provision of positive incentives to work in the new society will not be an easy task. But the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sanction of hunger—the economic whip of the old dispensation. Moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economics from politics and denies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. We can no longer ask the invisible hand to do our dirty work for us.
　　I confess that I am less horror-struck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power of what is called direction of labour resting in some arm of society, whether in an organ of state or of trade unions. I should indeed be horrified if I identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the pre-capitalist era. The economic whip of laissez-faire undoubtedly represented an advance on the serf-like conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a system of “free” labour deserves respect. But the direction of labour as exercised in Great Britain in the Second World War seems to me to represent as great an advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over pre-capitalist serfdom.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
　　Much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and self-discipline of the community. After all, under the system of laissez-faire capitalism the fear of hunger remained an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force. It would have been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger; nor, except in the early and worst days of the Industrial Revolution, did that normally happen. Similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrument of daily use but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail. It is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, any organ of state in Great Britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field. This, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to frighten themselves and others with scarecrows.
　　1. The word “sanction”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.
　　[A] corrective measures [B] encouraging methods
　　[C] preventive efforts [D] revolutionary actions
　　2. Which of the following is implied in the first paragraph?
　　[A] People used to be forced to work under whips.
　　[B] The author dislikes the function of politics in economy.
　　[C] Incentives are always less available than regulations.
　　[D] People have an instinct of working less and getting more.
　　3. The author’s attitudes towards future, as is indicated in the beginning of the second paragraph, is one of______.
　　[A] reluctant acceptance [B] sheer pessimism
　　[C] mild optimism [D] extreme hopefulness
　　4. The author of the text seems to oppose the idea of______.
　　[A] free market [B] military control
　　[C] strict regulations [D] unrestrained labors
　　5. The last sentence of the text indicates the author’s______.
　　[A] hatred [B] affection [C] stubbornness [D] rejection
　　答案
　　1.A 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.D
　　總體分析
　　本文是一篇經(jīng)濟(jì)類文章，介紹了舊的強(qiáng)制性經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)手段已經(jīng)不適用現(xiàn)代社會(huì)。
　　第一段：指出舊的分配方式中的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)手段——饑餓處罰已經(jīng)不能再發(fā)揮作用。
　　第二段：分析指出自由放任資本主義制度下經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)手段的發(fā)展。
　　第三段：指出在未來社會(huì)中強(qiáng)制性的激勵(lì)手段只能被看作是備用的手段。
　　試題精解
　　1.第一段第二行的單詞“sanction”最接近的含義是_______。
　　[A] 改進(jìn)措施 [B] 鼓勵(lì)方法 [C] 預(yù)防措施 [D] 革命行動(dòng)
　　[精解] 本題考查詞義的理解。對(duì)sanction一詞的理解依賴于對(duì)整個(gè)第一段的理解。第一段第二句提到sanction of hunger，其上文即第一句提到positive incentives(正面激勵(lì))，第二句以but為標(biāo)志出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折。因此，sanction of hunger與“正面激勵(lì)”應(yīng)該是相對(duì)照的。第一段最后一句又提到，不能再要求這只無形的手替我們做“惹人討厭的工作”了。這里“無形的手”指的是上文提到的“sanction of hunger”，由此可知它做的是“惹人討厭的工作”。綜合以上線索，sanction應(yīng)是一種“負(fù)面手段”，通過比如饑餓這樣的處罰來達(dá)到改善、改進(jìn)的目的。因此該詞最接近的含義是[A]。
　　2. 下面哪一個(gè)在第一段中有所暗示?
　　[A] 人們過去常常在鞭子下被迫工作。
　　[B] 作者不喜歡政治在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的功能。
　　[C] 激勵(lì)措施總是沒有規(guī)則那么容易制定。
　　[D] 人們有一種少工作多賺錢的本能需要。
　　[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第一段第二句提到，要找到一種新的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)手段來取代傳統(tǒng)的饑餓處罰。該段第三句分析了饑餓處罰不再起作用的社會(huì)原因，即，這個(gè)新社會(huì)將經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治混為一談，否認(rèn)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的自治權(quán)。因此作者對(duì)于政治對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的干預(yù)是反感的，[B]在第一段中有所暗示。這種暗示在第二段第一句中“我承認(rèn)對(duì)于社會(huì)某個(gè)部門可能擁有勞動(dòng)力管理的最終權(quán)力感到恐懼”得到了證實(shí)。[A]是根據(jù)文中出現(xiàn)的whip(鞭)一詞編造出來的選項(xiàng)。其實(shí)，whip在本文中是比喻用法，指的是“激勵(lì)、鞭策手段”。文中只提到incentives，但未將它與regulations作比較，[C]錯(cuò)誤。[D]在文中未涉及。
　　3.第二段開始部分表明，作者看待未來的態(tài)度是_________。
　　[A] 不情愿的接受
　　[B] 完全的悲觀主義
　　[C] 適度的樂觀主義
　　[D] 滿懷希望
　　[精解] 本題考查作者態(tài)度。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段開始部分。題干中的future與文中prospect是同義替換。該部分提到，“我承認(rèn)對(duì)于社會(huì)某個(gè)部門擁有稱之為勞動(dòng)力管理的最終權(quán)力的前景，并不像某些人那樣覺得恐懼，雖然，恐懼對(duì)我來說也是不可避免的”。顯然，作者的態(tài)度既不樂觀也不悲觀，只是勉強(qiáng)地接受這種現(xiàn)實(shí)。[A]正確。
　　4.本文作者似乎反對(duì)的_____。
　　[A] 自由市場(chǎng) [B] 軍事控制 [C] 嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定[D] 不受限制的勞動(dòng)力
　　[精解] 本題考查作者觀點(diǎn)。第三段倒數(shù)第四句提到，在未來社會(huì)中，管理的權(quán)力應(yīng)當(dāng)被看作備用的一種最嚴(yán)厲的制裁，只有在自愿的方法不管用的時(shí)候才使用。該段最后兩句則通過打比方的手法指出，過于嚴(yán)格的手段就像通過軍隊(duì)紀(jì)律集結(jié)和部署勞動(dòng)力一樣。它是像計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)一樣的惡夢(mèng)。因此可知，[C]是作者反對(duì)的。第二段第三句提到，自由放任主義(laissez-faire)的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)手段代表了那個(gè)時(shí)代的發(fā)展(an advance);資本主義宣稱第一次建立的“自由”勞動(dòng)力(“free” labour)體制值得尊重?？梢娮髡邔?duì)[A]給予了肯定。[B]只在打比方時(shí)提到，不是文中的主要內(nèi)容。[D]未提及。
　　5.文章最后一句話表明了作者的______。
　　[A] 仇恨 [B] 喜愛 [C] 固執(zhí) [D] 拒絕
　　[精解] 本題考查句意理解。文章最后一句提到，這種像計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)一樣的夢(mèng)魘，可以留給那些喜歡用稻草人嚇自己或嚇別人的人。其中this指的是上文“通過軍隊(duì)紀(jì)律集結(jié)和部署全世界的經(jīng)濟(jì)勞動(dòng)力”。nightmare(惡夢(mèng)、夢(mèng)魘)一詞表明作者對(duì)這種“強(qiáng)制性的經(jīng)濟(jì)管理手段”予以否定和拒絕。[D]正確。
　　核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
　　(1)provision(n.)提供，供給，如the ~ of housing提供住房
　　(2)sanction(n.)制裁;約束;處罰
　　(3)whip(n.)鞭子(本文中喻指激勵(lì)措施)
　　(4)dispensation(n.)分發(fā)，分配
　　(5)dirty work 討厭的工作，卑鄙齷齪的事
　　(6)arm(n.)(單數(shù)形式，與of sth.搭配)分部，職能部門，如the research ~ of the company(公司的科研部門)
　　(7)heyday(n.)全盛期
　　(8)in reserve儲(chǔ)備，備用，如The money was being kept ~ for their retirement.(他們把錢存著以備退休后使用。)
　　(9)marshal(v.)集結(jié)，收集，整理，安排，如to ~ forces/one’s thoughts(集結(jié)隊(duì)伍/整理想法)
　　全文翻譯
　　在這個(gè)新的社會(huì)中，對(duì)工作給予正面的激勵(lì)并不是一件輕松容易的任務(wù)，然而最困難的是找到一種最嚴(yán)厲的處罰來取代饑餓處罰——舊的分配方式中的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)手段。此外，在一個(gè)理所當(dāng)然地拒絕假裝將經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治分離開來，并且否認(rèn)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序自治權(quán)的社會(huì)中，這種處罰(即，饑餓處罰)只能在一些有意為之的社會(huì)行為中找到。我們不能再要求這只無形的手替我們做 “惹人討厭的工作”了。
　　我承認(rèn)對(duì)于社會(huì)某個(gè)部門，不管是國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)還是工會(huì)組織的機(jī)構(gòu)，擁有稱之為勞動(dòng)力管理的最終權(quán)力的前景，并不像某些人那樣覺得恐懼，雖然，恐懼對(duì)我來說也是不可避免的。如果將這種前景等同于回到前資本主義時(shí)代，那么我的確應(yīng)該覺得十分恐懼。自由放任主義的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)手段毫無疑問代表了那個(gè)時(shí)代向類似農(nóng)奴狀態(tài)的發(fā)展：相對(duì)意義上來說，資本主義宣稱第一次建立的“自由”勞動(dòng)力體制值得尊重。但是，英國(guó)在二戰(zhàn)中實(shí)行的對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的管理對(duì)于我來說，如同代表前資本主義農(nóng)奴制的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)手段一樣，似乎也代表了資本主義私人企業(yè)全盛時(shí)期經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)手段的巨大進(jìn)步。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
　　對(duì)正面激勵(lì)效果的依賴與對(duì)集體的團(tuán)結(jié)一致和自我約束的依賴一樣多。畢竟，在自由放任資本主義制度下，對(duì)饑餓的恐懼仍然是一種最嚴(yán)厲的處罰，而不是一股持續(xù)有效的力量。如果工人被有意識(shí)的對(duì)饑餓的恐懼感驅(qū)趕著去工作，那是不可容忍的，而且除了在工業(yè)革命早期最糟糕的階段，這種事情也通常不會(huì)發(fā)生。同樣，在未來的社會(huì)中，管理的權(quán)力不應(yīng)當(dāng)被視為一項(xiàng)日常使用的工具，而應(yīng)當(dāng)被看作備用的一種最嚴(yán)厲的制裁，只有在自愿的方法不管用的時(shí)候才使用。很難想象，在任何現(xiàn)在可預(yù)見的時(shí)期或條件下，任何英國(guó)國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)處于這樣一種處境：像在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的軍隊(duì)一樣通過軍隊(duì)紀(jì)律集結(jié)和部署全世界的經(jīng)濟(jì)勞動(dòng)力。這種像計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)一樣的惡夢(mèng)，可以留給那些喜歡用稻草人嚇自己或嚇別人的人。
　　Text 4
　　Over the last decade, demand for the most common cosmetic surgery procedures, like breast enlargements and nose jobs, has increased by more than 400 percent. According to Dr. Dai Davies, of the Plastic Surgery Partnership in Hammersmith, the majority of cosmetic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to fantastic lengths to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal. “What we all crave is to look normal, and normal is what is prescribed by the advertising media and other external pressures. They give us a perception of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that.”
　　In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centres on what age people should be before going under the knife. New York surgeon Dr. Gerard Imber recommends “maintenance” work for people in their thirties. “The idea of waiting until one needs a heroic transformation is silly,” he says. “By then, you’ve wasted 20 great years of your life and allowed things to get out of hand.” Dr. Imber draws the line at operating on people who are under 18, however. “It seems that someone we don’t consider old enough to order a drink shouldn’t be considering plastic surgery.”
　　In the UK cosmetic surgery has long been seen as the exclusive domain of the very rich and famous. But the proportionate cost of treatment has fallen substantially, bringing all but the most advanced laser technology within the reach of most people. Dr. Davies, who claims to “cater for the average person”, agrees. He says:“I treat a few of the rich and famous and an awful lot of secretaries. Of course, ￡3,000 for an operation is a lot of money. But it is also an investment for life which costs about half the price of a good family holiday.”
　　Dr. Davies suspects that the increasing sophistication of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anaesthetic in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery. Yet, as one woman who recently paid ￡2,500 for liposuction to remove fat from her thighs admitted, the slope to becoming a cosmetic surgery Veteran is a deceptively gentle one. “I had my legs done because they’d been bugging me for years. But going into the clinic was so low key and effective it whetted my appetite. Now I don’t think there’s any operation that I would rule out having if I could afford it.”
　　1. According to the text, the reason for cosmetic surgery is to _____.
　　[A] be physically healthy [B] look more normal
　　[C] satisfy appetite [D] be accepted by media
　　2. According to the third paragraph, Dr. Davies implies that_____.
　　[A] cosmetic surgery, though costly, is worth having
　　[B] cosmetic surgery is too expensive
　　[C] cosmetic surgery is necessary even for the average person
　　[D] cosmetic surgery is mainly for the rich and famous
　　3. The statement “draws the line at operating on people” (Line 3, Paragragh 2) is closest in meaning to_____.
　　[A] removing wrinkles from the face [B] helping people make up
　　[C] enjoying operating [D] refusing to operate
　　4. It can be inferred from the text that____.
　　[A] it is wise to have cosmetic surgery under 18
　　[B] cosmetic surgery is now much easier
　　[C] people tend to abuse cosmetic surgery
　　[D] the earlier people have cosmetic surgery, the better they will be
　　5. The text is mainly about _____.
　　[A] the advantage of having cosmetic surgery
　　[B] what kind of people should have cosmetic surgery
　　[C] the rea,son why cosmetic surgery is so popular
　　[D] the disadvantage of having cosmetic surgery
　　答案
　　1.B 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C
　　總體分析
　　本文介紹了現(xiàn)代社會(huì)美容手術(shù)的普及及其原因。
　　第一段：引用專家的話指出大多數(shù)人做美容手術(shù)的目的。
　　第二段：引用專家的話指出適合做美容手術(shù)的年齡。
　　第三段：指出費(fèi)用的降低促進(jìn)了美容手術(shù)的普及。
　　第四段：技術(shù)的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了美容手術(shù)的普及。
　　試題精解
　　1. 根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，做美容手術(shù)的原因是為了_________。
　　[A] 身體健康 [B] 看起來更正常
　　[C] 滿足胃口 [D] 被媒體接受
　　[精解]本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。第一段第二、三句引用戴維斯博士的觀點(diǎn)指出，大多數(shù)人做整形手術(shù)不是為了追求身體的完美，而是希望看起來比較正常(a desire to look normal)。因此[B]正確，排除[A]。該段最后部分引用戴維斯博士的話，指出正常的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是被廣告媒體等所界定的，因此它們告訴我們什么是被人認(rèn)可的外觀。這只能說明媒體的宣傳影響了我們的審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不能說明做手術(shù)最終是為了迎合媒體。[C]明顯錯(cuò)誤，它只是出現(xiàn)了文章中的個(gè)別詞匯。
　　2. 根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容，戴維斯博士暗示________。
　　[A] 美容手術(shù)雖然昂貴，卻是值得的
　　[B] 美容手術(shù)太昂貴
　　[C] 美容手術(shù)甚至對(duì)普通人來說都是必要的
　　[D] 美容手術(shù)的對(duì)象主要是富人和名人
　　[精解]本題考查文中人物觀點(diǎn)。第三段最后部分戴維斯博士說，“手術(shù)雖然要花很多錢，但它也是一種生活的投資。”因此可知[A]是他的觀點(diǎn)。該段第二、三句提到，美容手術(shù)費(fèi)用大幅度下降，使除了最先進(jìn)的激光技術(shù)外所有的手術(shù)都面向大眾。主張“面向普通人”的戴維斯博士對(duì)此表示贊同?？梢?，戴維斯贊同的是美容費(fèi)用降低到大眾可消費(fèi)的水平，而沒有談及美容手術(shù)是否必要，排除[C]。[B]表述不完整，[D]顯然不是主張“面向普通人”的戴維斯博士的觀點(diǎn)。
　　3. 第二段第三行的“draws the line at operating on people”在含義上接近于_____。
　　[A] 去除臉上的皺紋 [B] 幫助人們化妝
　　[C] 享受動(dòng)手術(shù) [D] 拒絕動(dòng)手術(shù)
　　[精解]本題考查句意理解。題干部分出現(xiàn)在第二段倒數(shù)第二句中，其字面含義是“殷伯醫(yī)生對(duì)于給18歲以下的人做手術(shù)劃了一條界限”。該句中however一詞表明它與上文存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。上文中，殷伯醫(yī)生提出三十歲左右的人要開始“保養(yǎng)”，即，做美容手術(shù)。此外，下文引用殷伯醫(yī)生的話解釋了題干所在句子的含義：有些我們認(rèn)為不夠喝酒年齡的人不應(yīng)該考慮做整形。根據(jù)上下文的含義可以推知[D]是正確的含義。[A]和[B]都拘泥于字面含義;[C]含義正相反。
　　4. 從文章可以推知_______。
　　[A] 18歲以下做美容手術(shù)是明智的
　　[B] 現(xiàn)在做美容手術(shù)要容易得多
　　[C] 人們往往濫用美容手術(shù)
　　[D] 人們?cè)皆缱雒廊菔中g(shù)越好
　　[精解]本題考查全局事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。由38題的分析可知，連醫(yī)生都不贊同18歲以下的人做美容手術(shù)，由此可排除[A]和[D]。第三段第一、二句提到，在英國(guó)，外科整形一向被視為富人和名人的專利。但是現(xiàn)在費(fèi)用大幅度下降，使很多手術(shù)都面向大眾。第四段首句也提到，在一下午的時(shí)間里，病人就可以完成脂肪注射、抽取手術(shù)。從技術(shù)的層面上也說明了做美容手術(shù)的容易可行。因此可知[B]正確。[C]“濫用”一詞從文中無從推知。
　　5. 本文的主要內(nèi)容是_______。
　　[A] 做美容手術(shù)的好處 [B] 哪類人應(yīng)該做美容手術(shù)
　　[C] 美容手術(shù)很受歡迎的原因 [D] 做美容手術(shù)的壞處
　　[精解]本題考查文章主旨。全文首句利用數(shù)據(jù)(10年和400%)說明現(xiàn)在美容手術(shù)很受歡迎。第一段分析了人們做手術(shù)的心理原因。第二段表面上在談?wù)撟雒廊菔中g(shù)的年齡，其實(shí)從側(cè)面也說明了人們隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)有做手術(shù)的需求。第三、四段分別從手術(shù)費(fèi)用和技術(shù)發(fā)展兩個(gè)角度分析手術(shù)越來越普及的原因。因此，[C]是全文主旨的概括。其他項(xiàng)都是文章某一部分涉及的內(nèi)容，不足以說明整篇文章的主旨大意，以偏概全，不入選。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
　　核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
　　(1)be driven(或go)to fantastic(或any/some/great/extraordinary等)lengths(to do sth.)竭盡全力;不遺余力，如：She goes to extraordinary lengths to keep her private life private.(她竭盡全力讓自己的私生活不受干擾。)
　　(2)crave(v.)渴望，熱望，懇求
　　(3)heroic(a.)英勇的，英雄的;非常大的，巨大的
　　(4)proportionate(a.)成比例的，相應(yīng)的，相稱的，如：Increasing costs resulted in ~ increases in prices.(成本增加使得價(jià)格相應(yīng)提高。)
　　(5)cater for投合，迎合
　　(6)liposuction吸脂術(shù)，-lipo-脂肪，-suc-吸，如：blood sucker吸血者
　　(7)slope(n.)斜坡，山坡;坡度，斜度
　　(8)veteran(n.)老兵，老手
　　(9)deceptively(ad.)具有欺騙性地，騙人地，誤導(dǎo)地，如：a ~ simple idea(貌似簡(jiǎn)單的想法)
　　(10)low key(a.)低調(diào)的，不招搖的，如：Their wedding was a very ~ affair.(他們的婚禮辦得很低調(diào)。)
　　(11)whet(v.)刺激……的欲望，增強(qiáng)……的興趣，如：The book will ~ your appetite for more of her work.(你看了這本書就會(huì)想讀她更多的著作。)
　　(12)rule out 排除在外，認(rèn)為不適合
　　全文翻譯
　　在過去的十年中，像豐胸隆鼻這樣最常見的美容外科手術(shù)的需求已經(jīng)增加了400%以上。據(jù)漢莫史密斯整形合伙企業(yè)的戴維斯博士說，大多數(shù)的整形病人并不是追求身體的完美。相反，是一種想看起來比較正常的愿望驅(qū)使他們竭盡全力改善自己的外觀。“我們渴望的僅僅是讓自己看起來比較正常，而正常的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是被廣告媒體和其他的外界壓力所界定的。它們告訴我們什么是被人認(rèn)可的外觀，因此我們覺得必須看起來像那樣。”
　　在美國(guó)，人們爭(zhēng)論的已不再是整形手術(shù)是否正常;而是圍繞什么年齡才能動(dòng)手術(shù)。紐約外科醫(yī)師熱拉爾·殷伯建議三十歲左右的人要開始注意“保養(yǎng)”。他說：“等到需要巨大的改變時(shí)再做手術(shù)的想法是愚蠢的。到那時(shí)，你已經(jīng)浪費(fèi)了20年的美好光陰，讓一切都失去控制了。”但是，殷伯醫(yī)生也拒絕給18歲以下的人做整形手術(shù)。他說：“那些我們認(rèn)為不夠喝酒年齡的人似乎不應(yīng)該考慮做整形”。
　　在英國(guó)，外科整形一向被視為富人、名人的專利。但是，現(xiàn)在治療費(fèi)用相對(duì)過去已經(jīng)大幅度下降，使除了最先進(jìn)的激光技術(shù)外所有的手術(shù)都面向大眾。主張“面向普通人”的戴維斯博士表示贊同。他說：“我治療過幾個(gè)富人和名人，但治療過的秘書卻有一大堆。當(dāng)然，3000英鎊的手術(shù)費(fèi)不是個(gè)小數(shù)，但它也是一種生活的投資，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)很不錯(cuò)的家庭度假活動(dòng)一半的費(fèi)用。”
　　日趨精妙的脂肪注射和抽取技術(shù)使病人在一個(gè)下午的局部麻醉下就可以得到治療，戴維斯博士懷疑這種技術(shù)也有助于推動(dòng)美容手術(shù)的普及。然而，正如不久前花了2500英鎊做大腿抽脂術(shù)的一位女士所承認(rèn)的那樣，成為美容手術(shù)的?？褪且环N溫柔的假象。“我做腿部抽脂術(shù)，是因?yàn)樗_我很多年。但是去診所既不招搖又非常有效，它增加了我的興趣?，F(xiàn)在，我認(rèn)為只要負(fù)擔(dān)得起，我不會(huì)排斥任何可能有效的手術(shù)。”
　　Part B
　　Directions:
　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blank. There is one extra choice that does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
　　Theories of the value of art are of two kinds, which we may call extrinsic and intrinsic. The first regards art and the appreciation of art as means to some recognized moral good, while the second regards them as valuable not instrumentally but as objects unto themselves. It is characteristic of extrinsic theories to locate the value of art in its effects on the person who appreciates it. (41) .
　　The extrinsic approach, adopted in modern times by Leo Tolstoy in Chto takoye iskusstvo? (1896; What Is Art?), has seldom seemed wholly satisfactory. Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience that is unique to it and that, therefore, could not be obtained from any other source. The extreme version of this intrinsic approach is that associated with Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and the French Symbolists, and summarized in the slogan “art for art’s sake.” (42) .
　　Between those two extreme views there lies, once again, a host of intermediate positions. We believe, for example, that works of art must be appreciated for their own sake, but that, in the act of appreciation, we gain from them something that is of independent value. (43) .
　　The analogy with laughter—which, in some views, is itself a species of aesthetic interest—introduces a concept without which there can be no serious discussion of the value of art: the concept of taste. (44) .
　　Similarly, we regard some works of art as worthy of our attention and others as not. In articulating this judgment, we use all of the perse and confusing vocabulary of moral appraisal; works of art, like people, are condemned for their sentimentality, coarseness, vulgarity, cruelty, or self-indulgence, and equally praised for their warmth, compassion, nobility, sensitivity, and truthfulness. (The same may apply to the object of natural beauty.) Clearly, if aesthetic interest has a positive value, it is only when motivated by good taste; it is only interest in appropriate objects that can be said to be good for us. (45) .
　　[A] Thus a joke is laughed at for its own sake, even though there is an independent value in laughter, which lightens our lives by taking us momentarily outside ourselves. Why should not something similar be said of works of art, many of which aspire to be amusing in just the way that good jokes are?
　　[B] All discussion of the value of art tends, therefore, to turn from the outset in the direction of criticism: Can there be genuine critical evaluation of art, a genuine distinction between that which deserves our attention and that which does not? (And, once again, the question may be extended to objects of natural beauty.)
　　[C] Art is held to be a form of education, perhaps an education of the emotions. In this case, it becomes an open question whether there might not be some more effective means to the same result. Alternatively, one may attribute a negative value to art, as Plato did in his Republic, arguing that art has a corrupting or diseducative effect on those exposed to it.
　　[D] Artistic appreciation, a purely personal matter, calls for appropriate means of expression. Yet, it is before anything a process of “cultivation”, during which a certain part of one’s “inner self” is “dug out” and some knowledeg of the outside world becomes its match.
　　[E] If I am amused it is for a reason, and this reason lies in the object of my amusement. We thus begin to think in terms of a distinction between good and bad reasons for laughter. Amusement at the wrong things may seem to us to show corruption of mind, cruelty, or bad taste; and when it does so, we speak of the object as not truly amusing, and feel that we have reason on our side.
　　[F] Such thinkers and writers believe that art is not only an end in itself but also a sufficient justification of itself. They also hold that in order to understand art as it should be understood, it is necessary to put aside all interests other than an interest in the work itself.
　　答案
　　41.C 42.F 43.A 44.E 45.B
　　試題精解
　　41.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文內(nèi)容的銜接。
　　本題空格出現(xiàn)在第一段末。第一段前兩句提出了兩種藝術(shù)價(jià)值理論：外在理論和內(nèi)在理論?？崭裉幍纳弦痪?，即第三句和空格處后的第一句，即第二段第一句都是對(duì)外在理論的討論。所以，空格處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該與上下文一致，也對(duì)外在價(jià)值理論予以討論。選項(xiàng)[C]是關(guān)于藝術(shù)對(duì)于藝術(shù)欣賞者的影響，屬于外在價(jià)值理論的觀點(diǎn)，且恰好是對(duì)其上一句的闡釋。
　　42. [精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：上下文內(nèi)容的銜接 + 段落主題 + 指代詞的理解。
　　本題空格出現(xiàn)在第二段末。從上文來看，第二段的第二句開始由對(duì)藝術(shù)外在價(jià)值理論的討論轉(zhuǎn)入對(duì)藝術(shù)內(nèi)在價(jià)值理論的討論。從下文來看，緊接空格處的第三段第一句指出：這兩種極端理論之間還有一些折中的觀點(diǎn)。所以，空格處內(nèi)容肯定是對(duì)內(nèi)在價(jià)值理論的討論。[F]為合適選項(xiàng)。且其中的such thinkers and writers恰好指上文提到的 Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde and the French Symbolists，上下文之間銜接自然。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
　　43. [精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：上下文內(nèi)容的銜接 + 段落主題。
　　本空格的上文指出： 藝術(shù)外在價(jià)值理論和藝術(shù)內(nèi)在價(jià)值理論之間存在著折中的觀點(diǎn)：對(duì)于藝術(shù)的欣賞應(yīng)該基于藝術(shù)本身(內(nèi)在)，而對(duì)藝術(shù)的欣賞過程中則會(huì)有獨(dú)立價(jià)值的東西(外在)。下文中提到：這種和笑聲的類比本身就是一種審美價(jià)值。所以，空格處必定是利用“笑聲”來類比折中的藝術(shù)價(jià)值理論。[A]說明：笑聲是因?yàn)樾υ挶旧淼目尚?內(nèi)在)，但笑聲又有其獨(dú)立的價(jià)值——點(diǎn)亮我們的生活(外在價(jià)值)。恰好符合上下文的銜接，為正確選項(xiàng)。
　　44. [精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：和上文內(nèi)容的銜接 + 副詞的運(yùn)用。
　　本空格的上文剛剛引出了一個(gè)新的抽象概念：品味。空格的下文利用simiarly說明，審美價(jià)值也正面和負(fù)面之分。緊接著，在審美價(jià)值(aesthetic interest)和品味(taste)之間建立聯(lián)系。所以，空格處內(nèi)容必然是對(duì)“品味”進(jìn)行解釋，并說明品味有好壞之分。這恰恰是選項(xiàng)[E]的內(nèi)容
　　45. [精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：對(duì)上文內(nèi)容的總結(jié)
　　本空格出現(xiàn)在文章結(jié)尾處，所以必然是對(duì)上文內(nèi)容的總結(jié)，[B]中 “all discussion of the value of art tends, therefore”非常適合做全文內(nèi)容的總結(jié)。再對(duì)[B]的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析，其恰好是基于全文的討論，利用一個(gè)疑問句指出對(duì)藝術(shù)價(jià)值評(píng)判的關(guān)鍵問題：是否真的存在真正的臨界評(píng)價(jià)。
　　全文翻譯
　　藝術(shù)價(jià)值理論有兩種，我們稱之為外在理論和內(nèi)在理論。前者將藝術(shù)和對(duì)藝術(shù)的欣賞看作是達(dá)到某種公認(rèn)的道德利益的手段;而后者看到的不是它們工具性的價(jià)值而是投向自身物體的價(jià)值。外在理論的特點(diǎn)是將藝術(shù)價(jià)值定位于其對(duì)藝術(shù)欣賞者的影響。藝術(shù)被認(rèn)為是一種教育形式，也許是一種情感教育。在這種情況下，是否有一些達(dá)到同樣效果的更有效的方法成了公開的問題?；蛘?，人們也許認(rèn)為藝術(shù)有負(fù)面價(jià)值，正如柏拉圖在他的《理想國(guó)》一書里所認(rèn)為的那樣，藝術(shù)會(huì)影響那些接觸它的人，使其墮落，或起不到教化作用。[C]
　　現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中被列夫托爾斯泰吸收進(jìn)1896年出版的《藝術(shù)論》一書中的外在理論，似乎不能完全令人滿意。哲學(xué)家們一直在不懈地探索唯美體驗(yàn)中的價(jià)值。這種價(jià)值是獨(dú)一無二的，因此不能從別處獲得。極端的內(nèi)在理論與華特·佩特、奧斯卡·王爾德及法國(guó)印象主義者聯(lián)系在一起，總結(jié)為一句口號(hào)：“為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)”。這些思想家和作家相信：藝術(shù)的目的在于其本身，而且藝術(shù)也是對(duì)其自身的證明。他們還相信，若要以正確的方式理解藝術(shù)，必須放棄對(duì)其他方面的關(guān)注而只關(guān)注藝術(shù)作品本身。[F]
　　在這兩種極端的觀點(diǎn)之間，有一些折中的觀點(diǎn)。比如，我們認(rèn)為對(duì)藝術(shù)品的欣賞必須基于作品本身，而我們?cè)谛蕾p過程中能從中獲得一些獨(dú)立的價(jià)值。對(duì)笑話發(fā)笑是因?yàn)樾υ挶旧砜尚?，但笑聲本身又有?dú)立的價(jià)值，這一價(jià)值使得使我們能在片刻間脫離自己，點(diǎn)亮生活。在這一點(diǎn)上，藝術(shù)作品又何嘗不具有相似性?許多藝術(shù)作品渴望著與好的笑話一樣具有娛樂性。[A]
　　有些人認(rèn)為，這種和笑聲的類比本身就是一種審美價(jià)值。它引進(jìn)了一個(gè)新的概念——品味。若沒有這一概念，就不可能對(duì)藝術(shù)價(jià)值做嚴(yán)肅的討論。若我感到有趣，肯定有其原因。此“原因”存在于令我感到有趣的對(duì)象。因此，我們開始考慮對(duì)令人發(fā)笑的好的原因和壞的原因進(jìn)行區(qū)分。對(duì)不好的事情感到有趣說明我們思想墮落、殘忍或?qū)徝姥酃獠?出現(xiàn)這樣的情況，我們會(huì)說對(duì)象本身并不真正有趣，我們之所以感到有趣是因?yàn)槲覀冏陨淼脑?。[E]
　　與之相似的是，我們認(rèn)為某些藝術(shù)品值得關(guān)注，而另外一些卻不值得。在作此判斷時(shí)，我們會(huì)利用各種令人費(fèi)解的、評(píng)判道德的詞匯; 藝術(shù)品和人一樣，會(huì)因?yàn)槠涓袀?、粗俗、殘忍、或自我放縱受到譴責(zé)，會(huì)因?yàn)槠錈崆?、同情、高尚、敏感和真?shí)受到褒揚(yáng)。顯然，若要有積極的審美價(jià)值，必須有好的審美眼光;只有對(duì)恰當(dāng)?shù)奈矬w感興趣才對(duì)我們有益處。因此，所有對(duì)藝術(shù)價(jià)值的討論都趨向背離了起初的評(píng)論方向：會(huì)有對(duì)藝術(shù)的真正臨界評(píng)價(jià)嗎?即，在值得關(guān)注的作品和不值得關(guān)注的作品之間，存在著真正的界限嗎?[B]
　　Part C
　　Directions:
　　Read the following text careflly and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
　　Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (46)Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitive technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi’s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha, (47)the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred. It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance” as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujarati, it seems, the word means “firmness in the truth”. (48)In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918. Even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, (49)indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins. Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war?” (50)I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer’s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”
　　總體分析
　　本文是一篇介紹甘地的和平主義的文章。文章先介紹了甘地的和平主義的性質(zhì)、來源、具體形式等。接著指出了甘地作為和平主義者的獨(dú)特之處：首先，他雖然反對(duì)暴力，但并不否認(rèn)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的立場(chǎng);其次，他不躲避回答棘手的問題。
　　本文考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語、插入語、it做形式主語的主語從句，等。
　　試題精解
　　46.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語的翻譯。
　　該句是由but連接的兩個(gè)并列分句：前一分句是簡(jiǎn)單句，后一分句是主從復(fù)合句。后一分句的主干是he claimed that...，其中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。從句中形容詞短語capable of...做后置定語，修飾名詞a technique, a method。該定語可以按照漢語習(xí)慣譯為前置定語，即，“一種可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果的明顯的技巧和方法”;也可以采用拆譯法，譯為一個(gè)句子，增譯代詞“它”做主語。
　　詞匯：claim意為“宣稱，聲稱，說”;definite意為“肯定的，確定的;清楚的，明顯的”，它和technique搭配時(shí)取“明顯的”含義;desired意為“渴望的，期望的”，當(dāng)它和results/effect等詞搭配時(shí)常常譯為“預(yù)期的”。
　　翻譯：其動(dòng)機(jī)是宗教性質(zhì)的，但他也說這是一種明顯的技巧，一種方法，它可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果。
　　47.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語的翻譯和詞義的選擇。
　　該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：the method... was a sort of warfare。主語the method后有兩個(gè)后置定語：一個(gè)是省略關(guān)系代詞的定語從句Gandhi proposed and practiced;另一個(gè)是過去分詞短語first evolved in...。如果把它們都譯為漢語的前置定語會(huì)很冗長(zhǎng)，不符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因此可把第一個(gè)定語前置，第二個(gè)定語轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語。而真正的謂語前可加上“這”或“它”指代真正的主語。表語a sort of warfare后是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的同位語a way of defeating...。其中介詞短語of...做后置定語修飾名詞a way，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)前置。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
　　詞匯：practice意為“練習(xí)，訓(xùn)練;經(jīng)常做;從事”等，在本句中與propose(提出)對(duì)應(yīng)譯為“付諸實(shí)踐”。evolve意為“逐漸形成;進(jìn)化”，但它在本句中不能將基本含義照搬，而應(yīng)意譯為“起源于(南非)”。warfare意為“作戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng);斗爭(zhēng)，沖突”等，根據(jù)上下文，該詞應(yīng)增譯為“斗爭(zhēng)的方式(方法)”。
　　翻譯：這個(gè)由甘地提出并付諸實(shí)踐的方法，最早起源于南非，是一種非暴力的斗爭(zhēng)方式，用既不傷害對(duì)方又不會(huì)引發(fā)仇恨的手段打敗敵人。
　　48.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：定語和狀語的翻譯
　　該句是and連接的并列句，其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Gandhi served as a... and he was prepared...。前一分句中“in his early days”和“in the Boer War”都作時(shí)間狀語，修飾謂語served，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)放在句首。“on the British side”做后置定語，修飾stretcher-bearer，應(yīng)譯為前置定語，即，“英方的擔(dān)架員”。
　　詞匯：serve as sth.意為“(為……)工作，服務(wù)，履行義務(wù)，盡職責(zé)”;stretcher-bearer指“抬擔(dān)架者”;on sb.’s side意為“站在某人一邊，和某人觀點(diǎn)一致”。
　　翻譯：早年間，在布爾戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間甘地曾經(jīng)為英方抬過擔(dān)架，而且在1914-1918年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間他又準(zhǔn)備這么做。
　　49.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：后置定語、主語從句的翻譯。
　　該句的主干是he did not take the... line，介詞短語of...做后置定語修飾賓語the line。由于定語太長(zhǎng)，應(yīng)采取拆譯法，另起一句。動(dòng)名詞pretending后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。該從句由兩個(gè)并列的分句組成：both sides are... and it makes...，后一分句中it為形式主語，從句who wins為真正的主語，漢語中不存在這種語法形式，因此可以直接將從句內(nèi)容譯為主語。
　　詞匯：line一詞的含義較多，但在本句中的含義是“態(tài)度，看法”;fruitless意為“沒有成果的，無成效的，徒然的”;pretend意為“假裝”，本句中它后面跟有從句，應(yīng)增譯為“假裝說”。
　　翻譯：而且也確實(shí)沒有采取毫無意義的、不誠(chéng)實(shí)的態(tài)度，假裝說在所有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中參戰(zhàn)雙方完全一樣，因而誰獲得勝利都無所謂。
　　50.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)：插入語、后置定語的翻譯
　　該句的主干是I must say，后面是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。賓語從句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。主句是I have never heard an honest answer，其謂語和賓語之間插入了一個(gè)狀語成分，翻譯時(shí)可放在句首或謂語之前，譯為“從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里我從未聽說過”或“我從未從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里聽說過”。though引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)折狀語從句，其中介詞短語of...做后置定語，修飾賓語evasions，可譯為前置定語，也可另起一句。
　　詞匯：evasion意為“躲避，逃避;借口，托詞”，根據(jù)上下文可活譯為“躲閃之詞”、“逃避的說法”等。
　　翻譯：我必須說，我從未從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里聽到過對(duì)該問題的誠(chéng)實(shí)的答復(fù)，但是卻聽大了大量的躲閃之詞，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之類的回答。
　　全文翻譯
　　甘地的和平主義在某種程度上可以與他的其他教義區(qū)分開來。其動(dòng)機(jī)是宗教性質(zhì)的，但他也說這是一種明顯的技巧，一種方法，它可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果。甘地的態(tài)度不同于大多數(shù)西方和平主義者的態(tài)度。Satyagraha——這個(gè)由甘地提出并付諸實(shí)踐的方法，最早起源于南非，是一種非暴力的斗爭(zhēng)方式，用既不傷害對(duì)方又不會(huì)引發(fā)仇恨的手段打敗敵人。它包括諸如公民抗議、罷工、臥軌、忍受警方的指控既不逃跑也不還擊等等。甘地反對(duì)把“Satyagraha”翻譯為“消極抵抗”，在古吉拉特語中，這個(gè)詞的意思好像是“真理的堅(jiān)定性”。早年間，在布爾戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間甘地曾經(jīng)為英方抬過擔(dān)架，而且在1914-1918年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間他又準(zhǔn)備這么做。即使在他徹底放棄暴力之后，他仍然很誠(chéng)實(shí)地認(rèn)識(shí)到在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中必須要有明確的立場(chǎng)。由于他的整個(gè)政治生涯都在為民族獨(dú)立而斗爭(zhēng)，因此他不能，而且也確實(shí)沒有采取毫無意義的、不誠(chéng)實(shí)的態(tài)度，假裝說在所有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中參戰(zhàn)雙方完全一樣，因而誰獲得勝利都無所謂。他也沒有像大多數(shù)西方和平主義者一樣，專門躲避棘手的問題。對(duì)于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，每一個(gè)和平主義者都有明確義務(wù)去回答的一個(gè)問題是：“猶太人怎么辦?你準(zhǔn)備看到他們被滅絕嗎?”我必須說，我從未從任何一個(gè)西方和平主義者那里聽到過對(duì)該問題的誠(chéng)實(shí)的答復(fù)，但是卻聽見了大量的躲閃之詞，通常都是“你是另外一回事”之類的回答。甘地在1938年也被問到了類似的問題。他的回答被收錄在路易斯·費(fèi)舍爾先生所著的《甘地和斯大林》一書中。據(jù)費(fèi)舍爾先生記載，甘地認(rèn)為德國(guó)猶太人應(yīng)該選擇集體自殺，“以喚起世界和德國(guó)人對(duì)希特勒暴政的認(rèn)識(shí)”。
　　
Section Ⅲ Writing
　　Part A
　　51. Directions:
　　You read an advertisement on Beijing Weekly,in which a foreign company is looking for a secretary. Write a letter to the personnel department of the company telling them about
　　1) your age,
　　2) your educational background,
　　3) your work experience.
　　You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
　　范文
　　Dear Sun Xue,
　　We are very glad to receive your letter commenting on too much violence in TV programs and films. Now I am writing back on behalf of the Evening paper to express our sincere gratitude to you.
　　Your letter has drawn our attention to the problem of media programs. We think it extremely important that the public should be alarmed to it as well. Therefore, we would like to have your letter published next week in our paper, followed by an editorial, which, I am sure, will arouse attention from common people as well as the program makers concerned.
　　Again we would like to express our appreciation to your consideration and we are looking forward to your letters in future.
　　Yours truly,
　　Li Ming
　　Part B
　　52. Directions:
　　Now more people are buying lottery tickets. Study the following charts carefully and write an article on the topic of lottery. In your article, you should cover the following points:
　　1) describe the phenomenon;
　　2) analyze the phenomenon, and give your comments on it.
　　You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
　　　一、 審題謀篇
　　本題為圖表加提綱式作文。寫圖表式作文的關(guān)鍵之一是把握指導(dǎo)語，因?yàn)樗o出了作文的基本要求，指出了寫作的方向;其次是對(duì)圖表中的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述、分析和評(píng)論，它們往往是寫作的材料或論據(jù)。由本題的指導(dǎo)語可知：文章要求聯(lián)系圖表以彩票為話題，對(duì)越來越多的人喜歡買彩票這一現(xiàn)象發(fā)表評(píng)論。作文的基本框架應(yīng)為：(一)描述現(xiàn)象;(二)分析現(xiàn)象;(三)發(fā)表你的看法。其次，兩個(gè)圖表顯示的是兩個(gè)調(diào)查結(jié)果。圖表一反映了北京、上海、廣州三個(gè)城市里夢(mèng)想有一天中500萬的人的比例，平均為70%。圖表二反映了中獎(jiǎng)后，人們想做的事。由分析可知，圖表一可用于描述現(xiàn)象，圖表二可用于分析現(xiàn)象，作為支持論點(diǎn)(支持或反對(duì)買彩票)的論據(jù)。
　　二、 參考范文
　　Nowadays, more and more people, especially in big cities, become interested in buying lottery tickets. According to chart 1, averagely 70 percent of those polled in the survey, held in three big cities, claimed to have dreamed of winning the big prize of five-million yuan. 85 percent of those polled in Guangzhou had had such a dream, compared with 65 percent and 60 percent, respectively, in Beijing and Shanghai.
　　The attraction of buying lottery tickets is obvious. The winner can get the biggest profit for the future with only a small investment. It realizes the beautiful dream of every participant-to be richer and to improve living standards. As is shown in Chart 2, should they win a big lottery, 81.3% of people would buy a new house, 61.9% would buy a car, and 61.7% would save the money for the education of themselves or their kids. And a great proportion of people say they would put the money in the bank or use it for investment or touring. Despite all the attractions brought by the lottery buying, it has also come under criticism. Some regard it as a kind of gambling, which is a potentially addictive behaviour.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
　　In my opinion, buying lottery tickets is not so bad as some people think. Instead, it is good for society by creating new jobs and representing an important source of income for charity and sports causes. Of course, it is not a means of making money for inpiduals we should encourage, because the result is hardly predictable. Therefore, we should take a positive but cautious attitude towards lottery buying behavior.

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