2015年湖北考研《英語(yǔ)》模擬試題及答案四

湖北2015年考研《英語(yǔ)》模擬試題及答案四

　　
Section Ⅰ Use of English
　　Directions:
　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
　　All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common, including the sky god, the lord of storms, and the morning and evening star.__1__the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility, love, and war, she was evidently lower__2__status than the male gods, indicating that in a more urbanized society the__3__that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had__4__. The gods seemed hopelessly violent and __5__, and one’s life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that__6__were created to enable the gods to__7__ up working. Each city moreover had its own god, who was considered to__8__ the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city.__9__the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the__10__ of the economic produce of the city were favored__11__ their supernatural and material functions __12__. When, after 3,000 B. C., growing warfare among the cities made military leadership__13__, the head of the army who became king assumed a(n)__14__position between the god, whose agent he was, and the priestly class, whom he had both to use and to __15__. Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society.__16__them were the scribes, the secular attendants of the temple, who__17__every aspect of the city’s economic life and who developed a rough judicial system.__18__the temple officials, society was pided among an elite or__19__ group of large landowners and military leaders; a mixed group of merchants, artisans, and craftsmen, free peasants who__20__ the majority of the population; and slaves.
　　1. [A] Unless [B] As [C] Lest [D] Although
　　2. [A] on [B] in [C] with [D] about
　　3. [A] worship [B] reverence [C] admiration [D] gratitude
　　4. [A] vanished [B] recovered [C] declined [D] attained
　　5. [A] unpredictable[B] unforgivable[C] unlimited [D] unlikely
　　6. [A] creatures [B] animals [C] men [D] mortals
　　7. [A] use [B] turn [C] give [D] back
　　8. [A] inhabit [B] live [C] reside [D] lodge
　　9. [A] Hence [B] Thereafter [C] Somehow [D] Incidentally
　　10. [A] introduction[B] transaction [C] distribution[D] provision
　　11. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] of
　　12. [A] along [B] anyway [C] afterwards [D] alike
　　13. [A] additional [B] vital [C] singular [D] exceptional
　　14. [A] alternative [B] secondary [C] intermediate[D] fundamental
　　15. [A] pacify [B] tempt [C] suppress [D] manipulate
　　16. [A] Beside [B] Beyond [C] Below [D] Before
　　17. [A] supervised [B] held [C] managed [D] presided
　　18. [A] Around [B] Under [C] Above [D] Outside
　　19. [A] leading [B] noble [C] controlling [D] principal
　　20. [A] consist [B] compose [C] compile [D] consume
　　答案
　　1. D 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. D 7.C 8.A 9. A 10. C
　　11. B 12. D 13.B 14.C 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. B
　　總體分析
　　本文介紹了蘇美爾人對(duì)神的崇拜及由此引起的社會(huì)階層的劃分。第一句至第四句為一個(gè)意群，主要介紹了蘇美爾人對(duì)神的崇拜，以及神凌駕于人之上。第五句至倒數(shù)第二句為一個(gè)意群，介紹了由于對(duì)神的崇拜而出現(xiàn)的社會(huì)上層階層及其職能。末句附帶說(shuō)明了在宗教體系之外的社會(huì)階層。
　　試題精解
　　1.[精解] 本題考查邏輯詞?？崭裉幪钊氲倪B詞出現(xiàn)在句首，說(shuō)明空格所在分句與下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)中，unless表?xiàng)l件，意為“除非”;as作連詞，表時(shí)間或原因，意為“當(dāng)……時(shí);因?yàn)椋捎?rdquo;;lest表目的，意為“惟恐，以免”，如He emphasized it again and again, lest she should forget.(他反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)，免得她忘了。)although表讓步，意為“雖然，盡管”。根據(jù)文意，“蘇美爾人崇拜代表繁衍、愛和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的女神”與“她在地位上卻明顯低于男性的神”之間存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此選[D]。
　　2.[精解] 本題考查介詞用法辨析。空格所在部分存在一個(gè)形容詞的比較級(jí)，即，lower than... ?？崭裉幍慕樵~和status搭配，表示“在地位方面”。in常用在形容詞后，表示“在……方面”，如She was not lacking in courage.(她并不缺乏勇氣。)a country rich in minerals(礦藏豐富的國(guó)家)。因此[B]in為正確項(xiàng)。
　　其它選項(xiàng)都可與形容詞連用。on表示“影響到”，如He’s hard on his kids.(他對(duì)自己的孩子很嚴(yán)厲。)with表示“關(guān)于，對(duì)于”，如Be careful with the glasses.(小心這些玻璃杯。)Are you pleased with the result?(你對(duì)結(jié)果滿意嗎?)with也可表示“因?yàn)?，由?rdquo;，如His fingers were numb with cold.(他的手指凍僵了。)about表示“關(guān)于，對(duì)于”，如What’s she so angry about?(她為什么生這么大的氣?)
　　3.[精解] 本題考查名詞詞義辨析?？崭袼诓糠譃榉衷~結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語(yǔ)，即，indicating that... 。其中that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，空格處填入的名詞為從句的主語(yǔ)。該名詞后又跟有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：that the peoples... goddess。將空格處的名詞，即that代替的先行詞放回定語(yǔ)從句，其完整結(jié)構(gòu)是：the peoples of previous times had paid3 to the earth mother goddess。選項(xiàng)中四個(gè)名詞為近義詞，worship意為“崇拜，敬仰”;reverence意為“尊敬，崇敬”;admiration意為“欽佩，贊賞，羨慕”;gratitude“感謝”。從含義上看，人類對(duì)神應(yīng)該是“崇拜”或“崇敬”，因此[A]和[B]比較恰當(dāng)。其次，句中的搭配是pay sth. to sb.，表示“付出某事物給某人”。常用于這種搭配的是reverence及其同義詞respect，pay reverence/respect to意為“尊敬，向……致敬”。因此本題應(yīng)選[B]。
　　4.[精解] 本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。由上一題的分析可知，indicating后是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，其主語(yǔ)是the reverence，本題空格處填入的動(dòng)詞是其謂語(yǔ)。由于需要的是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，首先排除[D] attain，它只能作及物動(dòng)詞，必須接賓語(yǔ)，意為“達(dá)到，獲得”，如attain my purpose(達(dá)到我的目的)。其它選項(xiàng)：vanish意為“消失”;recover意為“恢復(fù)，復(fù)原”;decline意為“減少，下降，衰弱”。由上文可知，蘇美爾人崇拜女神，但她的地位低于男性的神?？梢姡@種崇拜已經(jīng)減少。因此[C]為正確答案。
　　5.[精解] 本題考查形容詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幪钊氲男稳菰~與violent并列，說(shuō)明神的特點(diǎn)。unpredictable意為“不可預(yù)知的，捉摸不定的”;unforgivable意為“不可原諒的”;unlimited意為“無(wú)限的，不受限制的”;unlikely意為“不太可能的”。下文and連接的并列分句是對(duì)空格所在分句的解釋：人的一生將是任他們擺布的被奴役的一生。導(dǎo)致這種結(jié)果的特點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是“捉摸不定的”，因此[A]為正確項(xiàng)。
　　補(bǔ)充：one是泛指代詞，指“任何一個(gè)人”。at will“任意，隨意”，如They were able to come and go at will.(他們能夠來(lái)去自由。)
　　6.[精解] 本題考查名詞詞義辨析。上文提到，神使人的一生成為任他們擺布和奴役的一生?？崭袼诜志鋭t從《創(chuàng)世記》找到證據(jù)支持上文中的觀點(diǎn)，因此該句的內(nèi)容仍然是關(guān)于神和人的關(guān)系?？崭裉帒?yīng)填入表示“人類”的名詞。creature意為“生物”，指人時(shí)多帶有感情色彩，指具有某種特征的人，如You pathetic creature!(你這可憐的家伙!)animals意為“動(dòng)物”。men是man的復(fù)數(shù)形式，意為“男人們”，指人類時(shí)應(yīng)用其單數(shù)形式man，如the damage caused by man to the environment(人類給環(huán)境帶來(lái)的破壞)。mortal作形容詞時(shí)，意為“終將死亡的”;作名詞時(shí)，意為“凡人，普通人”。因此本題應(yīng)選[D]mortals。
　　7.[精解] 本題考查短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞辨析?？崭裉幪钊氲膭?dòng)詞與副詞up搭配構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。use up意為“用完，耗盡”，如He used up all the money.(他把所有的錢都花光了。)turn up意為“開大(音量、熱量等);找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)”，如The farmer turned up a human skull while ploughing the field.(那個(gè)農(nóng)民犁地時(shí)挖出一個(gè)人類的頭顱骨。)give up意為“放棄”，常接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，如give up smoking(戒煙)。back up意為“支持，援助”，如The rebels backed up their demands with threats.(反叛者以恐嚇手段要挾。)根據(jù)上下文意，神奴役人類，人被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)后神就不用再勞動(dòng)。因此[C]正確。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
　　8.[精解] 本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幪钊雱?dòng)詞，其賓語(yǔ)是the temple(廟宇)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是who替代的名詞god(神)。選項(xiàng)中的四個(gè)動(dòng)詞為近義詞，都可表示“居住”，但能夠作及物動(dòng)詞的只有[A]inhabit，它意為“居住在，棲息于”，如Some of the rare species inhabit the area.(一些罕見物種生活在這個(gè)地區(qū)。)因此[A]是正確項(xiàng)。
　　其它項(xiàng)意為“居住”時(shí)都只能作不及物動(dòng)詞，如live in a house(住在一所房子里)。This family has resided in this city for 60 years.(這個(gè)家族住在本城已有60年了。)I lodged at a friend’s house.(我寄住在一個(gè)朋友家里。)live也可作及物動(dòng)詞，但意為“(以某種方式)生活，過日子”，如She lived a peaceful life.(她過著十分寧?kù)o的生活。)
　　9.[精解] 本題考查邏輯詞辨析?？崭裉幪钊氲母痹~出現(xiàn)在句首，表示空格所在分句與上文的邏輯關(guān)系。Hence表示因果關(guān)系，意為“因此，所以”，如My mother is by herself; hence I must go home now.(我母親一個(gè)人在家待著，所以我現(xiàn)在得回家了。)Thereafter表示時(shí)間關(guān)系，意為“其后，從那時(shí)以后”，如You will be accompanied as far as the border; thereafter you must find your own way.(有人送你到邊境, 然后你就得自己走了。)Somehow意為“由于某種未知的原因，不知怎么地”，如She looked different somehow.(不知怎么地，她看上去變了。)incidentally意為“順便提一句;偶然地，附帶地”，如The information was only discovered incidentally.(這個(gè)信息只是偶然得到的。)空格上一句提到，神是城市里所有財(cái)產(chǎn)的擁有者?？崭袼诜志涞闹鞲山Y(jié)構(gòu)是the priests were favored，the priests后who引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句指出，僧侶詮釋神的意志。因此兩個(gè)分句之間是因果邏輯關(guān)系，即，由于神的權(quán)力很大，因此詮釋神的意志的人受到青睞。[A]為正確項(xiàng)。
　　10.[精解] 本題考查名詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幪钊朊~，和后面的定語(yǔ)of the economic produce of the city一起作controlled的賓語(yǔ)。introduction意為“采用，引進(jìn)，推行”，如the introduction of new manufacturing methods(新制造方法的采用)。transaction意為“辦理，處理”，如the transaction of government business(處理政府事務(wù))。distribution意為“分配，分布;分發(fā)，分送”，如the distribution of wealth/food and medicines(財(cái)富/食品和藥物的分配)。provision意為“提供，供給”，如the provision of health care(提供醫(yī)療服務(wù))。由上文可知，神是所有財(cái)產(chǎn)的擁有者，而僧侶詮釋神的意志，因此僧侶負(fù)責(zé)產(chǎn)品的“分配”，[C]為正確項(xiàng)。
　　11.[精解] 本題考查介詞用法辨析?？崭袼诰渥拥闹鞲山Y(jié)構(gòu)是the priests were favored，后面緊跟著的介詞短語(yǔ)“11 their supernatural and material functions”作狀語(yǔ)。用在動(dòng)詞后，as意為“作為，當(dāng)作”，如Treat me as a friend.(把我當(dāng)朋友看。)for意為“為了;因?yàn)?rdquo;，如soldiers fight for their country(軍人為祖國(guó)出征)，I couldn’t speak for laughing.(我笑得說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。)under意為“在……下面;根據(jù)，按照;受……影響”，如The wall collapsed under the strain.(墻壁因承受不了重壓而坍塌了。)of用在某些動(dòng)詞后，接動(dòng)作所涉及的人或事，如Think of a number.(想一個(gè)數(shù)字。)根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)選表原因的介詞，即，[B]for。
　　12.[精解] 本題考查副詞用法辨析?？崭裉幪钊氲脑~出現(xiàn)在句末，用在兩個(gè)并列的名詞，即，supernatural (functions) and material functions之后。有這種用法的是[D]alike，它作副詞時(shí)可用在提到的兩個(gè)人或兩種事物之后，意為“兩者都，同樣地”，如Safety management benefits employers and employees alike.(安全管理對(duì)雇主和雇員都同樣有利。)其他項(xiàng)都可作副詞，但不符合文意。along 意為“向前”，如The policeman told the crowds to move along.(警察叫人群向前走動(dòng)。)anyway意為“不管怎樣”，如The house was locked and I cannot get in anyway.(屋子鎖著，我無(wú)論如何也進(jìn)不去。)afterwards意為“以后，后來(lái)”，如Let’s go to the theatre first and eat afterwards.(咱們先去看戲，然后再吃吧。)
　　13.[精解] 本題考查形容詞詞義辨析?？崭袼诓糠质莣hen引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是warfare made military leadership__13__，空格處填入的形容詞作賓補(bǔ)。additional意為“附加的，另外的”，如additional charges(額外的費(fèi)用)。vital意為“至關(guān)重要的”，如The heart is a vital organ.(心臟是十分重要的器官。)singular意為“單數(shù)的;非凡的，顯著的”，如landscape of singular beauty(無(wú)比優(yōu)美的風(fēng)景)。exceptional意為“杰出的，優(yōu)秀的;異常的，特別的”，如exceptional talent as a musician(非凡的音樂才能)，in exceptional circumstances(在特殊情況下)。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)該是“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能更顯重要”，因此[B]為正確項(xiàng)。
　　14.[精解] 本題考查形容詞詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渥拥闹鞲墒牵簍he head of the army assumed a(n)__14__position between the god and the priestly class。alternative意為“可供替換的”，如Have you got an alternative suggestion?(你有沒有其他建議?)secondary意為“次要的，從屬的”，如Experience is what matters—age is of secondary importance.(重要的是經(jīng)驗(yàn)——年齡是次要的。)intermediate意為“(兩地、兩物、兩種狀態(tài)等)之間的，中間的”，如Liquid crystals are considered to be intermediate between liquid and solid.(液晶被認(rèn)為介于液態(tài)和固態(tài)之間。)fundamental意為“基本的，根本的”，如a fundamental difference(根本的區(qū)別)。由于下文提到，“居于神和僧侶階層之間的”，因此空格處應(yīng)填入[C]。
　　15.[精解] 本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。空格所在部分是whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the priestly class。將先行詞放入從句中，句子的完整形式是：He had the priestly class both to use and to__15__，其中both... and連接兩個(gè)并列的不定式作后置定語(yǔ)?？梢姡崭裉幪钊氲膭?dòng)詞的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是“僧侶階層”。pacify意為“使……平靜，撫慰”，如pacify the angry crowd(安撫憤怒的群眾)。tempt意為“誘惑，鼓動(dòng)”，如The warm weather tempted us into going for a swim.(暖和的天氣誘使我們?nèi)ビ斡尽?suppress意為“鎮(zhèn)壓，壓制”，如suppress the rebellion(鎮(zhèn)壓起義)。manipulate意為“操縱，(暗中)控制”，如She uses her charm to manipulate people.(她利用自身的魅力來(lái)擺布別人。)從上文可知，國(guó)王和僧侶都是神的代言人，但國(guó)王居于僧侶之上，因此他們之間的關(guān)系不應(yīng)是“誘惑”或“鎮(zhèn)壓”。如果選擇manipulate，與use在含義上出現(xiàn)重復(fù)，也應(yīng)排除。[A]pacify為正確項(xiàng)。
　　16.[精解] 本題考查介詞用法辨析。Beside意為“在……旁邊”;Beyond意為“在(向)……較遠(yuǎn)的一邊，超出”;Below意為“在……之下;(數(shù)量)少于;(級(jí)別、重要性)低于”;Before意為“在……之前”?？崭裆衔奶岬剑瑖?guó)王和僧侶代表了上層階級(jí)?？崭裣挛膭t介紹書吏是廟宇中負(fù)責(zé)具體事務(wù)的侍臣。顯然，書吏的地位應(yīng)在國(guó)王和僧侶之下。因此[C]為正確項(xiàng)。
　　17.[精解] 本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幪钊胍粍?dòng)詞，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是who替代的先行詞the scribes(書吏)，邏輯賓語(yǔ)是后面接的名詞短語(yǔ)every aspect of the city’s economic life。supervise意為“監(jiān)督，管理，指導(dǎo)”，如supervise building work(監(jiān)理建筑工程);hold意為“擁有，持有;(軍事意義上的)控制，守衛(wèi)”，如The rebels held the radio station.(叛亂者占據(jù)了電臺(tái)。)manage意為“管理，負(fù)責(zé)(公司、球隊(duì)、組織等)”，如manage a factory/bank(管理工廠/銀行)。preside意為“主持(會(huì)議、儀式等)”，如preside at the committee meeting(主持委員會(huì)會(huì)議)。根據(jù)句意，“書吏監(jiān)督城市經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的方方面面”，應(yīng)選[A]supervised。
　　18.[精解] 本題考查介詞用法辨析。Around意為“在……周圍”;Under意為“在……之下，少于，低于”;Above意為“在……上面”;Outside意為“在……外面;不在……范圍內(nèi)，不屬于”，如You may do as you wish outside working hours.(不在上班時(shí)間，你愛干什么就干什么。)空格上文介紹了廟宇的官員，下文則介紹了與宗教無(wú)關(guān)的其他社會(huì)階層?？梢姡崭裉幍慕樵~應(yīng)表示“在(廟宇的官員)之外”的含義，因此[D]正確。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
　　19.[精解] 本題考查形容詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幪钊氲男稳菰~與elite(上層的，精英的)并列修飾group，指的是下文提到的這樣一群人(large landowners and military leaders)的特點(diǎn)。leading意為“最重要的，最成功的”，如the leading role in the TV series(電視連續(xù)劇中的主角)。noble意為“品質(zhì)高尚的;貴族的，高貴的”，如a man of noble birth(出身高貴的人)。controlling一般作動(dòng)名詞，而不作形容詞，如The Government is chiefly concerned with controlling inflation.(政府的當(dāng)務(wù)之急是控制通貨膨脹。)principal意為“主要的，最重要的”，如the principal reason(主要原因)。由于上下文談?wù)摰氖巧鐣?huì)階層，因此應(yīng)選[B]noble。
　　20.[精解] 本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。空格處填入一動(dòng)詞，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是who代替的先行詞free peasants，賓語(yǔ)是the majority of the population。從含義上首先排除[C]和[D]。compile意為“編寫(書、列表、報(bào)告等)”;consume意為“消耗，消費(fèi)”。[A]和[B]都有“組成”的含義，但consist是不及物動(dòng)詞，要與介詞搭配，consist of意為“由……組成”，如The committee consists of ten members.(委員會(huì)由十人組成。)compose是及物動(dòng)詞，意為“組成，構(gòu)成(一個(gè)整體)”，如Ten men compose the committee. 因此本題應(yīng)選[B]compose。
　　核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
　　(1)hopelessly (ad.) 無(wú)望地，無(wú)可挽救地;極差地，糟糕透頂?shù)?br /> 　　(2)produce(n.)產(chǎn)品;(尤指)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，
　　(3)scribe (n.) 書記，抄寫員，作者
　　全文翻譯
　　所有的蘇美爾城邦都認(rèn)可很多共同的神，包括天空之神、風(fēng)暴之王、晨星和昏星。雖然蘇美爾人崇拜代表繁衍、愛和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的女神，但她在地位上卻明顯低于男性神。這表明在一個(gè)更趨都市化的社會(huì)中，過去時(shí)代的民族曾經(jīng)致以大地母親神的敬意已經(jīng)減少。神似乎都極其暴力且捉摸不定，人的一生成為任他們擺布和奴役的一生。史詩(shī)《創(chuàng)世記》中強(qiáng)調(diào)人類被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)是為了使神放棄勞動(dòng)。而且每一座城邦都有它自己的神，該神被認(rèn)為確實(shí)居住在廟宇里，理論上則是城邦里所有財(cái)產(chǎn)的擁有者。因此詮釋神的意志并且控制城市經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)品的分配的僧侶以他們超自然的以及在物質(zhì)方面享有的功能而受到青睞。公元前3000年以后，當(dāng)城市不斷增多的戰(zhàn)事使軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能變得非常重要時(shí)，成為國(guó)王的軍隊(duì)首領(lǐng)占據(jù)了在神與僧侶階層之間的位置，他是神的代言人，對(duì)僧侶階層既利用又安撫。因此在一個(gè)等級(jí)社會(huì)中國(guó)王和僧侶代表了上層階級(jí)。居于他們之下的是書吏，即，廟宇世俗的侍臣，他監(jiān)督城市經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的方方面面，并制定粗略的司法體系。在廟宇官員之外，社會(huì)被劃分為四類人：大地主和軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人這樣一群精英和貴族人群;商人、工匠和技工的混合群體;占人口大部分的自由農(nóng)民;奴隸。
　　
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
　　Part A
　　Directions:
　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
　　Text 1
　　It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything：two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters” in the human body. The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable. The completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government’s Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.
　　Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins (and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side) and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over (sort of), that both sides had won (kind of) and that the hostilities were resolved (for the time being).
　　No one is exactly sure how things will be different now. Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon—the “finish lines” each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, “first drafts” rather than the definitive version. And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they’re been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.
　　The conflict blew up, this February when Britain’s Wellcome Trust, an HGP participant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP’s complaints. Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do.” But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors,” Venter told Newsweek in March, “and fighting back is probably not helpful.” At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other’s approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday’s joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.” With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.
　　1. The recent Genome Wars were symbolic of _____.
　　[A] the enthusiasm in scientific research
　　[B] the significance of the space race
　　[C] the public versus private conflict
　　[D] the prospect of the completion of DNA sequence
　　2. The tone of the author in reporting the joint press conference this Monday is _____.
　　[A] astonished [B] enthusiastic [C] disappointed [D] objective
　　3. It is implied in the third paragraph that _____.
　　[A] the “finish lines” refers to completion of DNA research.
　　[B] former Genome Warriors will never fight again.
　　[C] the former warriors are now collaborators
　　[D] both sides will still work on independently
　　4. The word “thaw”(Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means _____ .
　　[A] aggravation of tension
　　[B] improvement in relation
　　[C] intensification in attacks
　　[D] ending of coordination
　　5. The critical issue facing the scientists is to _____.
　　[A] apply the newly-found knowledge to the benefit of mankind
　　[B] end their horse race for the success of science
　　[C] get down to their genome research
　　[D] set their differences aside
　　答案
　　1.C 2.D 3.D 4.B 5.A
　　總體分析
　　本文介紹了基因組測(cè)序過程中兩個(gè)科研機(jī)構(gòu)之間的分歧與合作。
　　第一段：介紹了基因組之戰(zhàn)的參戰(zhàn)方，斗爭(zhēng)的內(nèi)容及其象征意義。
　　第二、三段：介紹了現(xiàn)在的和平階段并對(duì)這次的和解發(fā)表評(píng)論。雙方將通過共同召開記者招待會(huì)來(lái)宣布和解，但這次和解對(duì)他們之間的關(guān)系不一定會(huì)帶來(lái)實(shí)質(zhì)性的變化。
　　第四段：回顧了雙方由矛盾爆發(fā)到走向和解的過程，并指出了他們下一步面臨的關(guān)鍵問題。
　　試題精解
　　1.最近的基因組之戰(zhàn)象征______。
　　[A] 對(duì)科學(xué)研究的熱情
　　[B] 星球大戰(zhàn)的重要性
　　[C] 公私矛盾
　　[D] DNA測(cè)序結(jié)束的前景
　　[精解] 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。文章首段最后一句話說(shuō)：政府的人類基因組項(xiàng)目與塞萊拉基因公司之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)至少具有部分的象征意義——公私矛盾在基因?qū)嶒?yàn)室上演。[C]項(xiàng)是對(duì)該句的改寫，是正確項(xiàng)。[A]項(xiàng)是文中沒有涉及的問題。文章首句提到了星球大戰(zhàn)，是為了說(shuō)明基因之戰(zhàn)的激烈性，與它的象征意義無(wú)關(guān)，[B]項(xiàng)不能選。[D]項(xiàng)也與“基因組之戰(zhàn)”無(wú)關(guān)。
　　2.作者在報(bào)導(dǎo)本周一的記者招待會(huì)時(shí)的語(yǔ)氣是 _____。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
　　[A] 驚訝的 [B] 充滿熱情的 [C] 失望的 [D] 客觀的
　　[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第二段最后一句是對(duì)周一記者招待會(huì)的具體報(bào)導(dǎo)。作者在正文中是直接引用會(huì)議中兩方的聲明，而為了說(shuō)明真實(shí)情況保持客觀性，作者在括號(hào)中用了一系列表程度的詞加以限制，所以[D]項(xiàng)正確。全文作者只是在客觀地介紹一種現(xiàn)象，沒有表現(xiàn)出其他項(xiàng)所說(shuō)的“驚訝”、“熱情”或“失望”。
　　3.第三段暗示_____。
　　[A] “終點(diǎn)線”指DNA研究的結(jié)束
　　[B] 以前的基因勇士們將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)再對(duì)抗了
　　[C] 以前的勇士現(xiàn)在是合作伙伴
　　[D] 雙方將仍然繼續(xù)獨(dú)立地工作
　　[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第三段最后一句提到：盡管共同宣言使以前的基因勇士們比幾年來(lái)都更加親密，內(nèi)部人士說(shuō)未來(lái)達(dá)成的共識(shí)可能更多采取協(xié)調(diào)的形式，而不是直接的合作。[D]項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容是該句的言外之意。
　　由第三段的第二句話可知 finish line指基因測(cè)序工程基本完成，但所得結(jié)果只是初稿，還不是最終的確定版本，所以研究還要繼續(xù)，[A]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。該段首句說(shuō)：沒人確定現(xiàn)在情形與以前有何不同?？梢?，他們以后會(huì)不會(huì)再起烽煙是不確定的事，所以[B]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。[C]項(xiàng)與[D]項(xiàng)相反，由對(duì)[D]項(xiàng)的分析，可知[C]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。
　　4.“thaw”這個(gè)詞最有可能意為 _____。
　　[A] 緊張形勢(shì)的惡化 [B] 關(guān)系改進(jìn)
　　[C] 攻擊更加激烈 [D] 停止協(xié)作
　　[精解] 本題考查詞義的理解。第四段開始講到矛盾的爆發(fā)。第三句but轉(zhuǎn)折指出，...there were the first signs of a thaw，下文又以塞萊拉公司創(chuàng)始人認(rèn)為對(duì)抗不好的講話和一次癌癥會(huì)議上雙方的互相稱贊為例，對(duì)該句話進(jìn)行論證?？梢娝麄兊年P(guān)系是改善了，所以[B]項(xiàng)正確。單詞thaw意為“解凍”，與[B]項(xiàng)一致。其他項(xiàng)均是說(shuō)不好的方面，與文意不符。
　　5.科學(xué)家們面臨的最緊迫的事情是要_____。
　　[A] 把新發(fā)現(xiàn)的知識(shí)用來(lái)為人類服務(wù)
　　[B] 為了科學(xué)的勝利結(jié)束他們之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
　　[C] 潛心進(jìn)行他們的基因組研究
　　[D] 將他們的分歧先擱置到一邊
　　[精解] 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。文章最后一句話提到，現(xiàn)在把分歧拋在了背后，或者至少暫時(shí)放在了一邊，科學(xué)家們應(yīng)該能夠開始好好研究這個(gè)有趣的問題了：考慮怎樣利用那些數(shù)據(jù)。
　　[A]項(xiàng)與該句同義，正確。[D]項(xiàng)是已經(jīng)做到的事情，不能選。現(xiàn)階段敵對(duì)已經(jīng)結(jié)束，基因測(cè)序也已完成，所以[B]、[C]項(xiàng)都不再是迫切需要做的事情。
　　核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
　　(1)grudge(n.)忌恨，妒忌(v.)嫉妒;吝惜，不愿意給或承認(rèn)~ the tuition money不愿付學(xué)費(fèi)
　　(2)genome(n.)基因組，染色體組
　　(3)dead beat勝負(fù)不分的賽跑或競(jìng)賽，平局
　　(4)reconciliation(n.)調(diào)解，調(diào)和;和諧，一致;reconcile(v.)調(diào)和，調(diào)停;使和解;(to)使接受be ~ed to the loss of his wife接受了喪妻的事實(shí);(with)使符合，使一致~ their words with their actions使他們的言行一致
　　(5)hostility(n.)敵意，敵對(duì)，反對(duì);(復(fù)數(shù)形式)戰(zhàn)斗，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)
　　(6)arbitrary(a.)任意的，武斷的;獨(dú)裁的，專斷的;arbitrate(v.)作出公斷，仲裁
　　(7)thaw(n.)解凍，解凍期(v.)融化，解凍;(態(tài)度、感情等)趨于和緩
　　(8)hammer(v.)用錘敲打;錘打，敲打~ at the door敲門;~ out經(jīng)過仔細(xì)研究訂出或達(dá)成
　　(9)get down to開始處理;認(rèn)真做~ business 辦正經(jīng)事
　　全文翻譯
　　基因組之戰(zhàn)是太空時(shí)代以來(lái)科學(xué)史上最大的一場(chǎng)積怨引發(fā)的斗爭(zhēng)。這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)里什么都有：兩組人馬各自擁有重量級(jí)人物，在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)勝負(fù)難料的戰(zhàn)斗;他們爭(zhēng)取優(yōu)先解讀人體30億DNA中的每一個(gè)“字母”，在這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)斗中，他們把科技和語(yǔ)言技巧用到了極限。該項(xiàng)目的科學(xué)重要性是毋庸置疑的。完整的基因排序?qū)⒂型麨榭茖W(xué)家研究人體的工作原理提供前所未有的啟迪，給醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué)帶來(lái)革命。但這場(chǎng)政府的人類基因組項(xiàng)目和馬里蘭州洛克維爾市塞萊拉基因組公司之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)本身至少具有部分的象征意義——公私矛盾在基因?qū)嶒?yàn)室上演。
　　現(xiàn)在競(jìng)賽結(jié)束了。經(jīng)過幾年的公開抨擊和多次試圖和解的失敗，現(xiàn)在雙方正走向一個(gè)和平時(shí)期。人類基因組項(xiàng)目的首領(lǐng)弗朗西絲·柯林斯(和政府方面最重要的一個(gè)合作者，能源部的阿里·派翠諾斯)和塞萊拉的創(chuàng)始人奎格·文特同意本周一在華盛頓聯(lián)合召開一次記者招待會(huì)，以宣布：競(jìng)爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)結(jié)束(從某些方面說(shuō))，雙方都取得了勝利(在某種程度上)，而且戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)消失(暫時(shí)地)。
　　沒人完全確定現(xiàn)在情形有何不同。任何一方都不會(huì)很快停止其基因圖譜研究——雙方跨過的“終點(diǎn)線”基本上是武斷的，是“初稿”而不是定稿。盡管這次聯(lián)合宣言使原先的基因組勇士們比幾年來(lái)任何時(shí)候都更關(guān)系密切，但內(nèi)部人士說(shuō)：未來(lái)的一致性將更可能以協(xié)調(diào)的形式出現(xiàn)，而不是直接的合作。
　　矛盾爆發(fā)于今年2月，當(dāng)時(shí)人類基因組項(xiàng)目的一個(gè)參與者英國(guó)韋爾科姆基金會(huì)公布了一份給塞萊拉的絕密信件，概述了人類基因組項(xiàng)目的抱怨。文特把這一舉動(dòng)稱為“低級(jí)動(dòng)物的作為”。但是到了春天，出現(xiàn)了“解凍”的曙光。文特三月份告訴《新聞周刊》說(shuō)：“這些攻擊和污穢的行為對(duì)科學(xué)和我們的投資者都是不利的，反擊也于事無(wú)補(bǔ)。”在本月初的一次癌癥會(huì)議上，文特和柯林斯相互稱贊彼此的方法，而且表達(dá)了希望所有參與人類基因組測(cè)序的科學(xué)家都能分享功勞的愿望。到了上周后幾天，關(guān)于周一發(fā)表聯(lián)合聲明的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過仔細(xì)考慮被敲定后，這一愿望成為了現(xiàn)實(shí)。雙方的科學(xué)家都?xì)g迎對(duì)抗的結(jié)束。“如果賽馬就此結(jié)束，科學(xué)取得了勝利。”現(xiàn)在把分歧拋在了背后，或者至少暫時(shí)放在了一邊，科學(xué)家們應(yīng)該能夠開始好好研究這個(gè)有趣的問題了：考慮怎樣利用那些數(shù)據(jù)。
　　Text 2
　　At the start of the year, The Independent on Sunday argued that there were three over-whelming reasons why Iraq should not be invaded: there was no proof that Saddam posed an imminent threat; Iraq would be even more unstable as a result of its liberation; and a conflict would increase the threat posed by terrorists. What we did not know was that Tony Blair had received intelligence and advice that raised the very same points.
　　Last week’s report from the Intelligence and Security Committee included the revelation that some of the intelligence had warned that a war against Iraq risked an increased threat of terrorism. Why did Mr. Blair not make this evidence available to the public in the way that so much of the alarmist intelligence on Saddam’s weapons was published? Why did he choose to ignore the intelligence and argue instead that the war was necessary, precisely because of the threat posed by international terrorism?
　　There have been two parliamentary investigations into this war and the Hutton inquiry reopens tomorrow. In their different ways they have been illuminating, but none of them has addressed the main issues relating to the war. The Foreign Affairs Committee had the scope to range widely, but chose to become entangled in the dispute between the Government and the BBC. The Intelligence Committee reached the conclusion that the Government’s file on Saddam’s weapons was not mixed up, but failed to explain why the intelligence was so hopelessly wrong. The Hutton inquiry is investigating the death of Dr. David Kelly, a personal tragedy of marginal relevance to the war against Iraq.
　　Tony Blair has still to come under close examination about his conduct in the building-up to war. Instead, the Defence Secretary, Geoff Hoon, is being fingered as if he were master-minding the war behind everyone’s backs from the Ministry of Defence. Mr. Hoon is not a minister who dares to think without consulting Downing Street first. At all times he would have been dancing to Downing Street’s tunes. Mr. Blair would be wrong to assume that he can draw a line under all of this by making Mr. Hoon the fall-guy. It was Mr. Blair who decided to take Britain to war, and a Cabinet of largely skeptical ministers that backed him. It was Mr. Blair who told MPs that unless Saddam was removed, terrorists would pose a greater global threat—even though he had received intelligence that suggested a war would lead to an increase in terrorism.#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
　　Parliament should be the forum in which the Prime Minister is called more fully to account, but Iain Duncan Smith’s support for the war has neutered an already inept opposition. In the absence of proper parliamentary scrutiny, it is left to newspapers like this one to keep asking the most important questions until the Prime Minister answers them.
　　1. We learn from the first two paragraphs that _____.
　　[A] the evidence should have been made available to the Parliament
　　[B] the necessity of war has been exaggerated by the Committee
　　[C] Blair had purposely ignored some of the intelligence he received
　　[D] it was The Independent that first revealed the intelligence
　　2. The author thinks that the Hutton enquiry is _____.
　　[A] also beside the mark [B] hopelessly wrong
　　[C] illuminating in its way [D] wide in scope
　　3. By “chose to become entangled” (Line 4,Paragraph 3), the author implies that _____.
　　[A] the dispute between the Government and the BBC was unnecessary
　　[B] the Foreign Affairs Committee had mixed up the argument
　　[C] it was entirely wrong to carry out such investigations
　　[D] the Intelligence Committee shouldn’t mix up with the affair
　　4. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that _____.
　　[A] most ministers were suspicious of Hoon’s conduct
　　[B] Hoon will not do anything without consulting Blair
　　[C] Blair should not pert his responsibility to his Cabinet
　　[D] MPs think that it is Blair who drags the country into the war
　　5. What is the author’s attitude towards the Parliament?
　　[A] Indignant. [B] Skeptical. [C] Inquisitive. [D] Critical.
　　答案
　　1.C 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.D
　　總體分析
　　本文通過分析介紹英國(guó)政府、議會(huì)在對(duì)伊拉克作戰(zhàn)方面的立場(chǎng)及采取的策略，指出政府應(yīng)對(duì)英國(guó)卷入戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)負(fù)責(zé)。
　　第一、二段：從介紹《獨(dú)立報(bào)》對(duì)伊拉克不應(yīng)該受到侵略的原因的分析入手，指出布萊爾已經(jīng)獲得相關(guān)內(nèi)容的情報(bào)，卻仍然一味強(qiáng)調(diào)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的必要性。
　　第三段：介紹有關(guān)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的調(diào)查，指出它們都沒有涉及到關(guān)鍵問題。
　　第四段：分析指出布萊爾才是使英國(guó)卷入戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?br /> 　　第五段：批評(píng)議會(huì)沒有行使其應(yīng)有的職責(zé)。
　　試題精解
　　1. 從文章前兩段我們可以知道_____。
　　[A] 本該讓議會(huì)獲得證據(jù)
　　[B] 委員會(huì)夸大了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的必要性
　　[C] 布萊爾有意忽略他獲得的一些情報(bào)
　　[D] 是《獨(dú)立報(bào)》首先公布了這個(gè)情報(bào)
　　[精解] 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。第二段末句以問句的形式指出，布萊爾選擇了無(wú)視情報(bào)而只強(qiáng)調(diào)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的必要性。因此[C]正確。[B]將“布萊爾”換成了“委員會(huì)”，是錯(cuò)誤的。第一段開始指出，《獨(dú)立報(bào)》提出了伊拉克不應(yīng)該受到侵略的幾點(diǎn)重要原因;該段末句則指出，我們不知道的是布萊爾已經(jīng)收到了提出以上幾點(diǎn)的情報(bào)或建議。由此可見，早在《獨(dú)立報(bào)》公布這個(gè)情報(bào)之前已有其它部門對(duì)此作了報(bào)道。所以，《獨(dú)立報(bào)》不是第一個(gè)公布情報(bào)的。[D]錯(cuò)誤。文章前兩段沒有涉及“議會(huì)”，排除[A]。
　　2. 作者認(rèn)為赫頓調(diào)查是_____。
　　[A] 不準(zhǔn)確的，離題的 [B] 嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤的
　　[C] 以它自己的方式進(jìn)行闡述 [D] 涉及范圍很廣的
　　[精解] 本題考查作者觀點(diǎn)。第三段第二句提到，兩項(xiàng)議會(huì)調(diào)查(其中之一是赫頓調(diào)查)用不同的方法進(jìn)行闡述，但卻沒有一個(gè)涉及到關(guān)于這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的癥結(jié)所在。由此可見，作者認(rèn)為這些調(diào)查是不準(zhǔn)確的。[A]beside the mark與文中none … has addressed the main issues是同義替換。[B]是該段第四句中對(duì)“政府關(guān)于薩達(dá)姆武器問題的檔案”的評(píng)價(jià)。[C]雖然出現(xiàn)了文中類似的表達(dá)，但含義出現(xiàn)了偏差。[D]是該段第三句中對(duì)“外事委員會(huì)”的評(píng)價(jià)。
　　3. 第三段第四行中作者提到“chose to become entangled”的含義是______。
　　[A] 政府與英國(guó)廣播公司之間的糾紛是不必要的
　　[B] 外事委員會(huì)使這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論變得混亂
　　[C] 進(jìn)行這樣的調(diào)查是完全錯(cuò)誤的
　　[D] 情報(bào)委員會(huì)不應(yīng)該攙和到這件事中來(lái)
　　[精解] 本題考查推理引申。題干這句話出現(xiàn)在第三段第三句。整個(gè)第三段主要圍繞“對(duì)伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的調(diào)查”展開論述。該段第二句對(duì)兩項(xiàng)調(diào)查作出評(píng)價(jià)，指出它們都沒有涉及到關(guān)系這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的癥結(jié)所在。第三句指出，外事委員會(huì)要調(diào)查的范圍很廣，卻讓自己糾纏于政府和英國(guó)廣播公司的糾紛之中。由此可見，作者認(rèn)為“政府與英國(guó)廣播公司的糾紛”不是關(guān)系這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的關(guān)鍵性問題，[A]正確。該段中作者沒有完全否認(rèn)“調(diào)查”的必要性，排除[C];也沒有對(duì)調(diào)查方(外事委員會(huì)或情報(bào)委員會(huì))進(jìn)行批評(píng)，排除[B]和[D]。
　　4. 從第四段可以得知_____。
　　[A] 大多數(shù)部長(zhǎng)對(duì)胡恩的行為表示懷疑
　　[B] 胡恩在沒有征求布萊爾的意見之前不會(huì)做任何事情
　　[C] 布萊爾不應(yīng)該將他的責(zé)任轉(zhuǎn)交給內(nèi)閣
　　[D] 國(guó)會(huì)議員們認(rèn)為是布萊爾使國(guó)家卷入戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的
　　[精解] 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。第四段第三、四句提到，胡恩先生不是一個(gè)膽敢不先與唐寧街協(xié)商就獨(dú)自作決定的部長(zhǎng)，無(wú)論何時(shí)他總是合著唐寧街的拍子跳舞。唐寧街是首相的官邸所在，這里指代“英國(guó)首相，英國(guó)政府”。因此可知[B]正確。該段倒數(shù)第二句提到，持很大懷疑態(tài)度的部長(zhǎng)們組成的內(nèi)閣支持著布萊爾，[A]將“布萊爾”換成了“胡恩”。該段倒數(shù)第二句也提到作者認(rèn)為是布萊爾使國(guó)家卷入戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，[D]將作者的觀點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)嫁到國(guó)會(huì)議員們身上，因此錯(cuò)誤。[C]文中未提。
　　5. 作者對(duì)待議會(huì)的態(tài)度是_____。
　　[A] 憤怒的 [B] 懷疑的 [C] 好奇的 [D] 批評(píng)的
　　[精解] 本題考查推理引申。作者對(duì)待議會(huì)的看法出現(xiàn)文章最后一段。該段第一句指出，議會(huì)本應(yīng)該要求首相布萊爾作出充分解釋，但是議會(huì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人卻對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)表示支持。該段第二句指出，議會(huì)缺乏應(yīng)有的詳細(xì)審查，因此一些報(bào)紙只好不斷向首相提出問題。由此可見，作者批判議會(huì)沒有行使應(yīng)有的職責(zé)，[D]為正確項(xiàng)。
　　核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
　　(1)imminent(a.)逼近的，即將發(fā)生的
　　(2)alarmist(a.)危言聳聽的，駭人的(n.)大驚小怪者
　　(3)scope(n.)(to do sth.)(做或?qū)崿F(xiàn)某事的)機(jī)會(huì)，能力，如：The money will give us the ~ to improve our facilities.(有了這筆錢，我們就能把設(shè)備加以改進(jìn)了。)
　　(4)mixed up(a.)糊涂的，迷惑不解的
　　(5)marginal(a.)小的，微不足道的，不重要的;非主體的，邊緣的
　　(6)finger(v.)用手指觸摸;(sb. for sth.或sb. as sth.)告發(fā)，告密
　　(7)behind sb’s back背著某人，背地里，私下，如：Have you been talking about me behind my back?(你們是不是在背后說(shuō)我的閑話?)
　　(8)neuter(a.)(語(yǔ)言)中性的(v.)使失去作用
　　(9)inept(a.)不適當(dāng)?shù)?，無(wú)能的，笨拙的
　　(10)beside/off the mark(猜測(cè)、陳述等)不準(zhǔn)確，相去甚遠(yuǎn)，離題
　　全文翻譯
　　年初，《獨(dú)立報(bào)》周日版提出了伊拉克不應(yīng)該受到侵略的三個(gè)壓倒一切的理由：一，沒有證據(jù)證明薩達(dá)姆會(huì)構(gòu)成迫在眉睫的威脅;二，伊拉克在“解放”后將變得更加動(dòng)蕩不安;三，沖突將使恐怖主義威脅升級(jí)。我們不知道的是托尼·布萊爾已經(jīng)收到了提出以上幾點(diǎn)的情報(bào)或建議。
　　上周從情報(bào)和安全委員會(huì)收到的報(bào)告透露，一些情報(bào)人員已經(jīng)警告說(shuō)對(duì)伊的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)將使恐怖分子的威脅進(jìn)一步升級(jí)。為什么布萊爾沒有將這些證據(jù)公諸于眾，就像他一貫公布那些有關(guān)薩達(dá)姆武器的聳人聽聞的情報(bào)一樣?為什么他選擇了無(wú)視情報(bào)而只強(qiáng)調(diào)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的必要性正是源于國(guó)際恐怖組織的威脅呢?
　　針對(duì)這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已有兩項(xiàng)議會(huì)調(diào)查，赫頓調(diào)查(注：赫頓是英國(guó)終審法院院長(zhǎng))明天將重新開始。它們用不同的方法進(jìn)行闡述，但卻沒有一個(gè)涉及到關(guān)系這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的癥結(jié)所在。外事委員會(huì)要調(diào)查的范圍很廣，卻選擇讓自己糾纏于政府和英國(guó)廣播公司的糾紛之中。情報(bào)委員會(huì)雖然得出政府關(guān)于薩達(dá)姆武器問題的檔案并非令人迷惑不解的結(jié)論，但卻沒能解釋情報(bào)為何會(huì)如此嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。赫頓調(diào)查正在調(diào)查大衛(wèi)·凱利博士(英國(guó)國(guó)防部生化武器專家)的死亡事件，這是一樁與伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)稍微沾點(diǎn)關(guān)系的個(gè)人悲劇。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
　　布萊爾仍然得就他的行為是否導(dǎo)致了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的發(fā)生接受嚴(yán)格的調(diào)查。相反，國(guó)防部長(zhǎng)杰夫·胡恩正在被告發(fā)，搞得他倒像是國(guó)防部里私下操縱戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的主謀一樣(事實(shí)并非如此)。胡恩先生不是一個(gè)膽敢不先與唐寧街協(xié)商就獨(dú)自作決定的部長(zhǎng)。無(wú)論何時(shí)他總是合著唐寧街的拍子跳舞。布萊爾以為通過抓胡恩做替罪羊就可以將所有事情一筆勾銷，他是錯(cuò)誤的。是布萊爾決定將英國(guó)引向戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，而持很大懷疑態(tài)度的部長(zhǎng)們組成的內(nèi)閣支持著他。是布萊爾告訴國(guó)會(huì)議員們(Members of Parliament或MPs)，除非薩達(dá)姆政權(quán)被鏟除，否則恐怖主義將對(duì)全球造成更大的威脅——盡管他已經(jīng)得到情報(bào)，表明戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)將會(huì)使恐怖主義升級(jí)。
　　議會(huì)應(yīng)該是首相布萊爾被要求作出更充分的解釋的場(chǎng)所，但是伊恩·鄧肯·史密斯(英國(guó)保守黨領(lǐng)袖)對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的支持使原本已經(jīng)很無(wú)力的反對(duì)徹底失去了作用。在議會(huì)缺乏應(yīng)有的詳細(xì)審查的情況下，像《獨(dú)立報(bào)》這樣的報(bào)紙只好不斷詢問最重要的問題直到首相作出回答。
　　Text 3
　　Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance.
　　The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.
　　This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroёs. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroёs maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teachings of Islamic theology.
　　As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.
　　1. With the Scholastics, the search for new knowledge _____.
　　[A] stopped completely
　　[B] slowed down
　　[C] advanced rapidly
　　[D] awaked gradually
　　2. Which of the following best illustrates the relation between reason and revelation?
　　[A] They are simply identical.
　　[B] Revelation guides reason.
　　[C] They are occasionally contradictory.
　　[D] Reason is used to perfect revelation.
　　3. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that _____.
　　[A] the position of philosophy as a humble servant was accepted
　　[B] religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophy
　　[C] philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselves
　　[D] philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice
　　4. Averroёs held that _____.
　　[A] Islamic theology was often subordinate to philosophy
　　[B] religious truth was nothing but imaginative fantasy
　　[C] real truth was inaccessible to many common people
　　[D] imperfect expressions were result of flawed religion
　　5. Which of the following is most likely to be discussed in the part succeeding this text?
　　[A] Relations of St. T. Aquinas’ achievements to previous efforts.
　　[B] How St. T. Aquinas worked out in the balance in discussion.
　　[C] Other endeavors on the relationship of reason and revelation.
　　[D] Outstanding features of the mature period of Scholasticism.
　　答案
　　1. A 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.C
　　總體分析
　　本文主要論述了哲學(xué)和神學(xué)或理智和啟示之間的關(guān)系。文中給出了經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家和神學(xué)人員對(duì)于二者之間關(guān)系的不同看法?？忌鷳?yīng)著重把握各種院派人士所持的不同觀點(diǎn)。
　　第一段：指出造成經(jīng)院哲學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)統(tǒng)一性的原因是經(jīng)院哲學(xué)人士共同的目標(biāo)、態(tài)度和方法。他們主要關(guān)心的是將理性與啟示的知識(shí)進(jìn)行整合。
　　第二段：主要論述了經(jīng)院派學(xué)者看待理智和啟示之間關(guān)系的觀點(diǎn)。
　　第三段：論述了與經(jīng)院派學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)成鮮明對(duì)比的哲學(xué)家阿威羅伊的觀點(diǎn)。
　　第四段：總結(jié)指出，因?yàn)橄嘈判叛龊屠碇侵g的和諧統(tǒng)一關(guān)系，經(jīng)院派哲學(xué)家一直試圖確定它們各自的范圍和能力及二者間確切的關(guān)系。
　　試題精解
　　1.對(duì)于經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)新知識(shí)的追求_____。
　　[A] 完全停滯 [B] 速度趨緩 [C] 進(jìn)展迅速 [D] 逐漸蘇醒
　　[精解] 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。文章第一段第三句指出了經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家對(duì)新知識(shí)的態(tài)度，即經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家主要關(guān)注的不是發(fā)現(xiàn)新知識(shí)而是把希臘理學(xué)和基督教啟示分別已經(jīng)獲得的知識(shí)整合起來(lái)。由此可見，對(duì)于經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)于新知識(shí)的追求是停滯不前的。[A]項(xiàng)為正確答案。
　　2.下述選項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)最能闡明理智和啟示之間的關(guān)系?
　　[A] 它們只是簡(jiǎn)單的相似。
　　[B] 啟示引導(dǎo)理智。
　　[C] 二者偶爾互相矛盾。
　　[D] 理智使啟示變得完美。
　　[精解] 本題考查了考生對(duì)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的概括能力。文章第二段就理智和啟示二者的關(guān)系作了詳細(xì)的論述。該段第一句明確指出，決定經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家持有共同觀點(diǎn)最重要的一點(diǎn)是他們確信理智和啟示二者間基本的和諧關(guān)系。接下來(lái)第三句作者提到，二者表面上的對(duì)立可以追溯到對(duì)理智的錯(cuò)誤運(yùn)用和對(duì)啟示的誤解中，所以[C]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。該段后半部分內(nèi)容中作者對(duì)二者的關(guān)系進(jìn)一步展開具體論述：經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家堅(jiān)信啟示能掌握更高層次的真理和確定性;在宗教信仰和哲學(xué)推理表面上的沖突中，信仰總是更高層次的裁決者，神學(xué)者的決定支配著哲學(xué)家的決定?？梢奫B]項(xiàng)是兩者關(guān)系的恰當(dāng)詮釋。[A]項(xiàng)和[D]項(xiàng)文中未提及。
　　3.根據(jù)文章的第二段可以推斷出_____。
　　[A] 哲學(xué)作為謙卑的仆人的地位被接受了
　　[B] 宗教已經(jīng)成了哲學(xué)運(yùn)行的障礙
　　[C] 哲學(xué)家經(jīng)常引用啟示來(lái)支持自己
　　[D] 宗教實(shí)踐中有時(shí)也會(huì)涉及到哲學(xué)家
　　[精解] 本題考查了考生在理解細(xì)節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上推理引申的能力。文章的第二段主要論述了理智和啟示二者之間的關(guān)系。該段倒數(shù)第二句提到，經(jīng)院哲學(xué)思想在13世紀(jì)早期越來(lái)越強(qiáng)調(diào)哲學(xué)的獨(dú)立性，但在整個(gè)經(jīng)院哲學(xué)階段，哲學(xué)一直被稱作神學(xué)的仆人?？梢姡軐W(xué)的仆人地位并沒有被接受。[A]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。該段雖然提到神學(xué)是最后的仲裁者，乃至哲學(xué)被稱為神學(xué)的奴隸，但并沒有確鑿的證據(jù)說(shuō)明宗教成了哲學(xué)運(yùn)行的障礙，[B]項(xiàng)屬于過度引申。該段的最后一句話提到，神學(xué)家用哲學(xué)來(lái)理解和解釋啟示，這與[D]項(xiàng)相符，該段只提到神學(xué)家利用哲學(xué)，而[C]項(xiàng)則未涉及。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
　　4.阿威羅伊認(rèn)為_____。
　　[A] 伊斯蘭神學(xué)經(jīng)常屈從于哲學(xué)
　　[B] 宗教真理不過是白日夢(mèng)
　　[C] 對(duì)于多數(shù)普通人來(lái)說(shuō)，真正的真理是很難理解的
　　[D] 不完美的表達(dá)是宗教的缺陷造成的
　　[精解] 本題考查了文中人物的觀點(diǎn)。專有人名Averroёs出現(xiàn)在文章的第三段。該段一開始作者就提到，經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家的態(tài)度與哲學(xué)家阿威羅伊(Averroёs)所謂的雙重真理理論形成了鮮明的對(duì)比。接著該段論述了阿威羅伊的理論，即哲學(xué)和伊斯蘭神學(xué)都可以接近真相，但是只有哲學(xué)能夠完美地得到它。因此，所謂的神學(xué)真理對(duì)于普通人來(lái)講不過是對(duì)事實(shí)的不完美的想象的表達(dá)。真正的真理只有哲學(xué)才可以接近。他還認(rèn)為，哲學(xué)上的真理，至少在口頭上，與伊斯蘭神學(xué)是矛盾的。[C]項(xiàng)是該段第三句的改寫。[A]項(xiàng)將原文中的contradict偷換成subordinate to。[B]項(xiàng)屬于斷章取義，Averroёs 只認(rèn)為對(duì)于普通人來(lái)說(shuō)，神學(xué)真理是想象的，但哲學(xué)是可以理解它的。[D]論述了文章中沒有的因果關(guān)系。
　　5.在下述選項(xiàng)中，那一項(xiàng)最有可能是文章接下來(lái)要敘述的?
　　[A] 圣·托馬斯·阿奎納的成就和先前的努力的關(guān)系
　　[B] 圣·托馬斯·阿奎納如何在討論中掌握平衡
　　[C] 在理智和啟示之間的關(guān)系上的其他努力
　　[D] 經(jīng)院哲學(xué)成熟時(shí)期的突出特點(diǎn)
　　[精解] 本題考查了考生對(duì)文章論證結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。文章最后一段首句為段落主旨句，指出：因?yàn)橄嘈判叛龊屠碇侵g和諧統(tǒng)一的關(guān)系，經(jīng)院派哲學(xué)家總是試圖確定它們各自精確的范圍和能力。該段接下來(lái)以時(shí)間為線索，先談到早期經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家不能清楚地對(duì)兩者進(jìn)行區(qū)分，總是過于自信地認(rèn)為哲學(xué)推理可以為啟示提供準(zhǔn)則;接著談到了經(jīng)院哲學(xué)成熟時(shí)期的代表人物圣·托馬斯·阿奎納，指出他努力在二者之間找到一種平衡。可見，整個(gè)段落的內(nèi)容都是圍繞理智和啟示關(guān)系上的努力而展開論述。因此可推測(cè)下文應(yīng)繼續(xù)敘述就此進(jìn)行的其他努力，因此[C]項(xiàng)為正確答案。圣·托馬斯·阿奎納只是作為經(jīng)院哲學(xué)人物的一個(gè)代表被提到，不可能對(duì)他的個(gè)人成就做過于詳盡的論述，排除[A]項(xiàng)。[B]、[D]項(xiàng)都與段落主旨不一致，即不屬于論證主旨的論據(jù)。
　　核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
　　(1)scholastic(a.)學(xué)校的，學(xué)者的，學(xué)究的，經(jīng)院的或經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家的(n.)經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家，學(xué)究
　　(2)doctrine(n.)教條，學(xué)說(shuō)，主義
　　(3)revelation(n.)顯示，揭露，新發(fā)現(xiàn);啟示，揭示;reveal(v.)
　　(4)arbiter(n.)仲裁者，權(quán)威人士，主宰者;arbitrate(v.)公斷，仲裁
　　(5)theologian(n.)神學(xué)者，空頭理論家;theology(n.)神學(xué)
　　(6)faculty(n.)才能;全體教員;(大學(xué)的)學(xué)院，系;(授予的)權(quán)力
　　全文翻譯
　　在宗教研究中，關(guān)于哲學(xué)和神學(xué)，經(jīng)院派學(xué)者們持有廣泛的各種各樣的學(xué)說(shuō)。在歐洲從9世紀(jì)到17世紀(jì)的學(xué)術(shù)實(shí)踐中，賦予整個(gè)經(jīng)院運(yùn)動(dòng)統(tǒng)一性的是其所有成員共同的目標(biāo)、態(tài)度以及共同接受的方法。經(jīng)院學(xué)者首要關(guān)注的并不是發(fā)現(xiàn)新的事實(shí)而是將希臘理性和基督啟示各自獲得的知識(shí)綜合成一體。這一關(guān)注是經(jīng)院哲學(xué)和自文藝復(fù)興以來(lái)的現(xiàn)代思想之間最顯著的不同特征之一。
　　經(jīng)院派學(xué)者的基本目標(biāo)決定了他們某些共同的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度，其中最重要的是他們堅(jiān)信理性和啟示之間存在著基本的和諧。經(jīng)院學(xué)者認(rèn)為上帝是這兩種知識(shí)的源泉，真理是他的主要屬性，因此他不可能在兩種表達(dá)方式上自相矛盾。任何關(guān)于啟示和理性表面上的對(duì)抗都可以追根到對(duì)理智的錯(cuò)誤運(yùn)用或?qū)⑹驹~語(yǔ)的不精確解釋上。因?yàn)榻?jīng)院派學(xué)者相信啟示是上帝的直接教誨，因此比自然的理性具有更高的真理性和確定性。因此在宗教信仰和哲學(xué)理性之間的表面沖突中，信仰一直是終極的裁決者，神學(xué)家的決斷支配著哲學(xué)家的決斷。13世紀(jì)早期之后，經(jīng)院思想更加強(qiáng)調(diào)哲學(xué)在自己領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的獨(dú)立性。盡管如此，在整個(gè)經(jīng)院哲學(xué)階段，哲學(xué)一直被稱作神學(xué)的仆人，這不僅是因?yàn)檎軐W(xué)的真理性居于神學(xué)真理性之下，還因?yàn)樯駥W(xué)家將哲學(xué)運(yùn)用到了對(duì)啟示的理解和解釋之中。
　　這種經(jīng)院哲學(xué)觀點(diǎn)與阿拉伯裔西班牙哲學(xué)家阿威羅伊所謂的雙重真理理論形成了鮮明的對(duì)比。阿威羅伊的理論認(rèn)為對(duì)于哲學(xué)和伊斯蘭神學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，真理都是可以接近的，但是只有哲學(xué)可以完全獲得它。因此，所謂的神學(xué)真理作為一種不完美的想象的表達(dá)方式為普通人服務(wù)，去獲得只有哲學(xué)才能接近的可靠的真理。阿威羅伊認(rèn)為哲學(xué)真理可以與伊斯蘭神學(xué)的教誨相矛盾，至少在口頭上如此。
　　因?yàn)橄嘈判叛龊屠硇蚤g的和諧關(guān)系，經(jīng)院派學(xué)者試圖裁決它們各自精確的能力和范圍。諸如意大利的傳教士和哲學(xué)家圣·安瑟莫這樣的早期經(jīng)院哲學(xué)家并沒有清楚地區(qū)分二者，并且過于深信理性能夠證明某些啟示的教條學(xué)說(shuō)。后來(lái)，在經(jīng)院哲學(xué)的成熟階段，意大利神職人員及哲學(xué)家圣·托馬斯·阿奎納在理性和啟示之間找到了一種平衡。
　　Text 4
　　Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a porce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child’s inpidual personality, characteristics, age at the time of porce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental porce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity.
　　There is some relationship between age and children’s characteristic reaction to porce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to porce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection.
　　Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to porce. The impact of porce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the porce. Girls’ adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the porce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of porce on boys than on girls be explained? The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents’ fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.
　　1. Temperamental, irritable kids have difficulty adapting to parental porce because_____.
　　[A] they care too much about the life change
　　[B] the great stress of their families diminishes their ability
　　[C] they tend to lose temper easily and are sensitive to the life change
　　[D] they are faced with more parents’ fights than the relaxed, easygoing children
　　2. The following statements are true EXCEPT_____.
　　[A] porce is usually caused by more than one reason
　　[B] a six-year-old boy may fear being deserted by his parents
　　[C] as the kids grow older, they have a better understanding of porce
　　[D] a young girl may feel more shameful on parental porce than an older boy#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
　　3. It can be inferred from the passage that the impact of porce_____.
　　[A] on kids of different sexes will probably change as they grow older
　　[B] may cause most kids’ difficulties in communicating with others
　　[C] on an irritable girl is greater than a noncompliant boy
　　[D] is always greater on boys than on girls
　　4. According to the author, the reason why parental porce has greater effect on boys than on girls is that_____.
　　[A] all cultures encourage male aggression and noncompliance
　　[B] boys are always involved in their parents’ fights
　　[C] males are usually viewed as the models in self-control and strong will
　　[D] boys are basically more self-disciplined than girls
　　5. What is the main idea of the passage?
　　[A] Parental porce has a negative effect on children all through their life.
　　[B] The impact of parental porce on children varies in personality, age and gender.
　　[C] Boys may become more aggressive than girls in disrupted families.
　　[D] Kids of different ages behave differently on parental porce.
　　答案
　　1. A 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.B
　　總體分析
　　本文介紹了父母離異對(duì)不同的孩子影響不同。
　　第一段：先提出造成孩子對(duì)父母離異有不同反應(yīng)的幾個(gè)因素，接著分析個(gè)性在孩子適應(yīng)父母離異狀況時(shí)的影響。
　　第二段：分析父母離異對(duì)不同年齡的孩子的影響。
　　第三段：分析父母離異對(duì)不同性別的孩子的影響。
　　試題精解
　　1. 喜怒無(wú)常、性格急躁的孩子很難適應(yīng)父母的離異，因?yàn)開____。
　　[A] 他們對(duì)生活的變化太過在意
　　[B] 來(lái)自家庭的巨大壓力削弱了他們的能力
　　[C] 他們往往很容易發(fā)脾氣，而且對(duì)生活的變化很敏感
　　[D] 與個(gè)性溫和、容易相處的孩子們比，他們面臨父母更多的爭(zhēng)吵
　　[精解] 本題考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。第一段第三句提到，“喜怒無(wú)常、性格急躁的孩子與個(gè)性溫和、容易相處的孩子相比，更難以應(yīng)對(duì)父母的離異，因?yàn)樗麄円话愀y以適應(yīng)生活上的變化”。該句中as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。因此[A]為正確答案，其中“care too much about”是原文“have more difficulty adapting to”的改寫。[B]有較大干擾性，該段第四句進(jìn)一步分析指出，壓力使孩子難以適應(yīng)生活上的變化，但這種壓力可能來(lái)自家庭也可能來(lái)自其它方面。[C]中前一部分“容易發(fā)脾氣”不是原因，只能算是不適應(yīng)環(huán)境的表現(xiàn)。[D]本身從文中無(wú)法推知，更不是原因。全文末句提到的是“男孩比女孩面臨父母更多的爭(zhēng)吵”。
　　2. 下面這些說(shuō)法都是正確的，除了_____。
　　[A] 離異經(jīng)常是由不止一個(gè)原因造成的
　　[B] 一個(gè)六歲的男孩也許會(huì)害怕被父母拋棄
　　[C] 當(dāng)孩子長(zhǎng)大后，他們對(duì)離異會(huì)有更好的理解
　　[D] 一個(gè)年幼些的女孩也許比一個(gè)年長(zhǎng)些的男孩對(duì)父母離異更感到羞愧
　　[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第二段第三句提到，年長(zhǎng)孩子對(duì)父母離異的羞愧、憤怒及自我反省心理取代了年幼孩子的困惑和恐懼心理。由此可見，年長(zhǎng)的孩子更容易感到羞愧。[D]與事實(shí)相反。為本題的正確選項(xiàng)。該段第二句提到，長(zhǎng)大的孩子更能意識(shí)到父母離異的決定不能簡(jiǎn)單歸結(jié)于任何單一的原因。因此[C]正確，[A]是該句中提到的事實(shí)。第三句提到，8歲以后孩子對(duì)被拋棄的恐懼才會(huì)減少，因此可推出[B]符合事實(shí)。
　　3. 從文章中可以推知，離異_____。
　　[A] (當(dāng)不同性別的孩子長(zhǎng)大時(shí))其影響可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生變化
　　[B] 也許會(huì)造成大部分孩子交流時(shí)的困難
　　[C] 對(duì)一個(gè)性格急躁的女孩的影響比對(duì)一個(gè)性格溫順的男孩的影響要大
　　[D] 對(duì)男孩的影響總是比女孩大
　　[精解] 本題考查推理引申。全文提到了多個(gè)決定父母離異對(duì)孩子影響的因素，包括性格、年齡、性別。第一段指出，喜怒無(wú)常、性格急躁的孩子更容易受影響。第二段提到，隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，一些影響會(huì)消失或新的影響出現(xiàn)。第三段則提到，父母離異最初對(duì)男孩的影響較大，而女孩受到的影響較隱蔽，進(jìn)入青春期或成年期后，新的問題又浮出水面。因此[A]是最全面的論述。文中沒有提到“孩子交流”的問題，排除[B]。[C]涉及性別和個(gè)性兩個(gè)因素，因此無(wú)法判斷誰(shuí)受到的影響更大;[D]太片面，只考慮了性別因素。
　　4. 根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，父母離異對(duì)男孩的影響比女孩大的原因是_____。
　　[A] 所有文化都鼓勵(lì)男人具有攻擊性和不順從
　　[B] 男孩總是被卷入父母的爭(zhēng)吵中
　　[C] 男人總是被看作自律和意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的模范
　　[D] 男孩基本上比女孩更自律
　　[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第三段中間作者提出了一個(gè)問題，怎樣解釋離婚對(duì)男孩影響比女孩大的原因呢?接下來(lái)文章從三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了解釋：一，我們的文化更能容忍男孩具有攻擊性和不馴服;二，男孩更希望樹立起自律的強(qiáng)悍的男人形象，也希望父母嚴(yán)格自律;三，男孩較少受到他人的同情與支持。[C]符合第二點(diǎn)原因，是正確項(xiàng)。[A]錯(cuò)在“所有文化”，文章中是“我們的文化”。[B]錯(cuò)在“卷入(involved in)”，全文最后一句提到的是“男孩更容易看到(be exposed to)父母吵架”。[D]這種說(shuō)法無(wú)從推知。
　　5. 文章的主旨大意是什么?
　　[A] 父母離異對(duì)孩子一生都有負(fù)面影響。
　　[B] 父母離異對(duì)孩子的影響隨個(gè)性、年齡與性別而不同。
　　[C] 在破裂的家庭中男孩比女孩可能更具攻擊性。
　　[D] 不同年齡的孩子對(duì)待父母離異的行為不同。
　　[精解] 本題考查文章主旨。文章第一、二句提出了全文的主題，即，經(jīng)歷父母離異的孩子會(huì)有不同的行為反應(yīng)，它們?nèi)Q于孩子的個(gè)性特點(diǎn)、性別及其在父母離婚時(shí)的年齡。文章接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容分別圍繞這三個(gè)因素展開分析和論述。因此[B]是文章主旨。
　　核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
　　(1)rate(v.)評(píng)估，評(píng)價(jià)，認(rèn)為，如They ~d him highly as a colleague.(作為同事，他們對(duì)他評(píng)價(jià)甚高。)
　　(2)surface(v.)浮出水面;(隱藏或被掩蓋一段時(shí)間后)露面，重新出現(xiàn)，顯露，如She ~d again years later in London.(多年后她又出現(xiàn)在倫敦。)
　　(3)disciplinarian(n.)嚴(yán)格紀(jì)律信奉者;嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行紀(jì)律者，如She’s a very strict ~.(她執(zhí)行紀(jì)律非常嚴(yán)格。)
　　全文翻譯
　　盡管父母離異對(duì)孩子有普遍的負(fù)面影響，但經(jīng)歷父母離異的孩子會(huì)有不同的行為反應(yīng)，記住這一點(diǎn)很重要。這些孩子具體的行為取決于他們的個(gè)性、特點(diǎn)、性別及其在父母離異時(shí)的年齡。在個(gè)性方面，那些被認(rèn)為喜怒無(wú)常和性格急躁的孩子與個(gè)性溫和又容易相處的孩子相比，更難以應(yīng)對(duì)父母的離異，因?yàn)樗麄円话愀y以適應(yīng)生活上的變化。壓力，比如在破裂家庭中產(chǎn)生的壓力，似乎削弱了這些喜怒無(wú)常的孩子們適應(yīng)環(huán)境的能力，壓力越大，他們適應(yīng)環(huán)境的能力越弱。相反，適度的壓力實(shí)際上可以幫助那些個(gè)性溫和的孩子學(xué)習(xí)如何應(yīng)對(duì)逆境。
　　孩子的年齡與他們對(duì)父母離異所產(chǎn)生的獨(dú)特反應(yīng)有著某種聯(lián)系。隨著孩子年齡的增長(zhǎng)，他們更可能自由表達(dá)各種各樣復(fù)雜的感情，更可能理解這些情感，也更能意識(shí)到父母離異的決定不能簡(jiǎn)單歸結(jié)于任何單一的原因。孩子在6歲后自我責(zé)備的心理幾乎完全消失，8歲以后對(duì)被拋棄的恐懼減少，與此同時(shí)，年長(zhǎng)孩子對(duì)父母離異的羞愧、憤怒及自我反省心理取代了年幼孩子的困惑和恐懼心理。
　　孩子的性別也是一個(gè)可以預(yù)測(cè)他們對(duì)父母離異反應(yīng)特點(diǎn)的因素。父母離異最初對(duì)男孩的影響比女孩要大，因?yàn)槟泻⒑枚?，不像女孩那樣溫順，在人際關(guān)系上存在更多的困難，而且在家中或在學(xué)校里會(huì)表現(xiàn)出不好的行為。不僅如此，男孩在父母離異兩年后仍然表現(xiàn)出適應(yīng)性問題。女孩的適應(yīng)性問題更為隱蔽，不會(huì)外在表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，而且經(jīng)常在父母離異兩年內(nèi)被解決。然而，當(dāng)女孩進(jìn)入青,春期或成年期后，新的問題又會(huì)浮出水面。怎樣解釋離婚對(duì)男孩影響比女孩大的原因呢?男孩更具攻擊性和不馴服可能反應(yīng)這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，在我們的文化中這種行為發(fā)生在男孩身上更容易得到寬容與鼓勵(lì)。而且，男孩可能特別希望樹立起一個(gè)自律的強(qiáng)悍的男人形象，也特別希望父母自身就是紀(jì)律的嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行者。最后，與女孩相比，男孩更容易看到父母吵架，而且，在父母離異后，他們也不大可能像女孩那樣受到母親、老師或者同齡人的同情和支持。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
　　Part B
　　Directions:
　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the lish A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
　　Until about two million years ago Africa’s vegetation had always been controlled by the interactions of climate; geology, soil, and groundwater conditions; and the activities of animals. The addition of humans to the latter group, however, has increasingly rendered unreal the concept of a fully developed “natural” vegetation—i.e., one approximating the ideal of a vegetational climax. (41). Early attempts at mapping and classifying Africa’s vegetation stressed this relationship: sometimes the names of plant zones were derived directly from climates. In this discussion the idea of zones is retained only in a broad descriptive sense.
　　(42). In addition, over time more floral regions of varying shape and size have been recognized. Many schemes have arisen successively, all of which have had to take views on two important aspects: the general scale of treatment to be adopted, and the degree to which human modification is to be comprehended or discounted.
　　(43). Quite the opposite assumption is now frequently advanced. An intimate combination of many species—in complex associations and related to localized soils, slopes, and drainage—has been detailed in many studies of the African tropics. In a few square miles there may be a visible succession from swamp with papyrus, the grass of which the ancient Egyptians made paper and from which the word “paper” originated, through swampy grassland and broad-leaved woodland and grass to a patch of forest on richer hillside soil, and finally to juicy fleshy plants on a nearly naked rock summit.
　　(44). Correspondingly, classifications have differed greatly in their principles for naming, grouping, and describing formations: some have chosen terms such as forest, woodland, thorn-bush, thicket, and shrub for much of the same broad tracts that others have grouped as wooded savanna (treeless grassy plain) and steppe (grassy plain with few trees). This is best seen in the nomenclature, naming of plants, adopted by two of the most comprehensive and authoritative maps of Africa’s vegetation that have been published: R. W. J. Keay’s Vegetation Map of Africa South of the Tropic of Cancer and its more widely based successor, The Vegetation Map of Africa, compiled by Frank White. In the Keay map the terms “savanna” and “steppe” were adopted as precise definition of formations, based on the herb layer and the coverage of woody vegetation; the White map, however, discarded these two categories as specific classifications. Yet any rapid absence of savanna as in its popular and more general sense is doubtful.
　　(45). However, some 100 specific types of vegetation identified on the source map have been compressed into 14 broader classifications.
　　[A] As more has become known of the many thousands of African plant species and their complex ecology, naming, classification, and mapping have also become more particular, stressing what was actually present rather than postulating about climatic potential.
　　[B] In regions of higher rainfall, such as eastern Africa, savanna vegetation is maintained by periodic fires. Consuming dry grass at the end of the rainy season, the fires burn back the forest vegetation, check the invasion of trees and shrubs, and stimulate new grass growth.
　　[C] Once, as with the scientific treatment of African soils, a much greater uniformity was attributed to the vegetation than would have been generally accepted in the same period for treatments of the lands of western Europe or the United States.
　　[D] The vegetational map of Africa and general vegetation groupings used here follow the White map and its extensive annotations.
　　[E] African vegetation zones are closely linked to climatic zones, with the same zones occurring both north and south of the equator in broadly similar patterns. As with climatic zones, differences in the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation constitute the most important influence on the development of vegetation.
　　[F] Nevertheless, in broad terms, climate remains the dominant control over vegetation. Zonal belts of precipitation, reflection latitude and contrasting exposure to the Atlantic and Indian oceans and their currents, give some reality to related belts of vegetation.
　　[G] The span of human occupation in Africa is believed to exceed that of any other continent. All the resultant activities have tended, on balance, to reduce tree cover and increase grassland; but there has been considerable dispute among scholars concerning the natural versus human-caused development of most African grasslands at the regional level.
　　答案
　　41.F 42.A 43.C 44.G 45.D
　　總體分析
　　本文是一篇介紹非洲植被研究的科普性文章。
　　第一段：在非洲植被的圖形繪制及其分類中很早就重視了植被與氣候之間的密切關(guān)系。
　　第二段：隨著人們對(duì)非洲植物的了解增加，對(duì)植物的命名、分類和繪制圖形變得更加具體，許多有關(guān)植物區(qū)域的規(guī)劃也被提出來(lái)。
　　第三段：現(xiàn)在人們更強(qiáng)調(diào)非洲植物的多樣性而非一致性。
　　第四段：學(xué)者們對(duì)非洲草地發(fā)展的原因，對(duì)植物群系的命名、歸類以及描述的原則都存在分歧。
　　第五段：介紹現(xiàn)在非洲植被圖譜對(duì)植物的歸類法。
　　[A] 隨著人們對(duì)植物了解的增加，對(duì)植物的命名、分類和繪制圖形也更加具體。
　　[B] 在高降水量的地區(qū)，大草原的植被因周期性的火災(zāi)而得以保存。
　　[C] 非洲東部植被被認(rèn)為有很大的一致性。
　　[D] 現(xiàn)在的植物圖譜及植物分類都受懷特圖譜的影響。
　　[E] 影響植被發(fā)展的幾個(gè)因素。
　　[F] 敘述了影響植被的氣候因素。
　　[G] 學(xué)者們對(duì)于導(dǎo)致非洲草地發(fā)展的原因，存在很大的分歧。
　　試題精解
　　41.[精解] 本題考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：段落內(nèi)一致性原則+上下文的銜接
　　本題空格出現(xiàn)在第一段中，應(yīng)起到承上啟下的作用。上文提到了影響非洲植被的多種因素，并強(qiáng)調(diào)人類活動(dòng)對(duì)植被氣候的影響?？崭裣挛奶岬皆缙趯?duì)非洲植被的研究重視植物帶與氣候的關(guān)系?？梢?，該段主要圍繞“氣候”與“非洲植被”展開論述。預(yù)測(cè)空格處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)和段落主題保持一致。[E]出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞“climatic”和“vegetation”，但它主要論述的是“氣候帶”，而非“氣候”。[F]出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞“climate”和“vegetation”。其中however一詞表明與上文構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，從“強(qiáng)調(diào)人類活動(dòng)的影響”轉(zhuǎn)向“強(qiáng)調(diào)氣候的影響”。[F]最后出現(xiàn)的belts of vegetation與空格下文plant zones是同義表達(dá)，相互呼應(yīng)。
　　42.[精解] 本題考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：內(nèi)容的銜接
　　本題空格出現(xiàn)在第二段開始。下文的特征詞in addition表明空格部分與下文存在遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。下文指出，當(dāng)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了更多不同的植物區(qū)域時(shí)，許多規(guī)劃接連被提出。[A]中“隨著人們對(duì)植物了解的增加(more has become known of …)”與下文中“人們發(fā)現(xiàn)更多形狀和大小不一的植物區(qū)域(more … have been recognized)”內(nèi)容很接近，出現(xiàn)了銜接。從[A]提到的“植物命名、分類和繪制圖形的具體化”到下文“治理植物區(qū)域的規(guī)劃的提出”也存在著遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。
　　43.[精解] 本題考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：內(nèi)容的銜接
　　本題空格出現(xiàn)在第三段開始。下文的第一句話指出，現(xiàn)在，人們常常提出完全相反的假設(shè)。由此可知，空格處論述的內(nèi)容應(yīng)與下文相反。從第三段末句“在很小的面積里都可能出現(xiàn)多種植被類型”的論述可知，下文應(yīng)主要論述物種的多樣性。與此能夠形成對(duì)照的是[C]，它強(qiáng)調(diào)了植被的一致性(uniformity)。
　　44.[精解] 本題考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：內(nèi)容的銜接
　　本題空格出現(xiàn)在第四段開始。下文特征詞correspondingly(相應(yīng)地)表明空格部分與下文存在因果關(guān)系。此外，下文中出現(xiàn)了some和others兩個(gè)代詞，指代不明確，需要通過空格處的內(nèi)容將其具體化。下文首先指出，有關(guān)植物群系的命名、歸類以及描述原則是大相徑庭的。接著以學(xué)者對(duì)地帶的不同命名為例予以說(shuō)明。因此下文主要論述的是學(xué)者在植物研究中存在的分歧。[G]論述的正是這方面的內(nèi)容，它指出學(xué)者們對(duì)導(dǎo)致非洲草地發(fā)展的原因存在分歧。[G]中的grasslands與下文的savanna和steppe呼應(yīng)，下文some和others都指的是[G]中的scholars。具有干擾性的是[A]，它出現(xiàn)了與下文相同的字眼“naming”、“classification”、“mapping”等，但它論述的是“非洲植物種類”，而且最后出現(xiàn)的是“可能出現(xiàn)的氣候”，這些都無(wú)法與下文構(gòu)成很好的銜接。因此[G]為正確項(xiàng)。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
　　45.[精解] 本題考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文的銜接+詞語(yǔ)的呼應(yīng)
　　本題空格出現(xiàn)在第五段開始。下文however一詞表明空格部分與下文構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。下文提到，源圖中100種植物具體類別被簡(jiǎn)化為14種涵蓋更廣的類別。由此可知，空格部分應(yīng)出現(xiàn)與“圖”或“植物類別”有關(guān)的內(nèi)容。符合要求的是[D]，其中the White map與第四段提到的Frank White呼應(yīng)，its extensive annotations與下文100 specific types呼應(yīng)。
　　核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
　　(1)vegetation(n.)(統(tǒng)稱)植物;(尤指某地或環(huán)境的)植被，植物群落，草木
　　(2)current(n.)(海洋或江河的)水流，潮流，氣流;電流;思潮，潮流
　　(3)mapping(n.)(地圖等)圖形的繪制
　　(4)discount(v.)認(rèn)為不重要，不重視，不全信;打折出售
　　(5)localized(a.)在小范圍內(nèi)的，局部的，如a ~ infection局部感染
　　(6)on balance權(quán)衡起來(lái)，兩相比較，如~ I think we should benefit by adopting the scheme.(權(quán)衡起來(lái)，我們采用這個(gè)方案應(yīng)該會(huì)受益。)
　　(7)formation(n.)組成物，形成物，如massive rock ~s塊狀巖層
　　(8)nomenclature(n.)(尤指某學(xué)科的)命名法
　　全文翻譯
　　直到大約200萬(wàn)年以前，非洲的植被總是被這些因素所影響：氣候的交互作用，地質(zhì)、土壤和地下水的條件，以及動(dòng)物的活動(dòng)。然而，人類活動(dòng)的出現(xiàn)擴(kuò)大了動(dòng)物活動(dòng)的影響，并不斷使充分發(fā)展的“自然”植被——即，近似理想的植被氣候——的構(gòu)想變得不現(xiàn)實(shí)。但是，廣義上說(shuō)，氣候仍然是影響植被的主要因素。區(qū)域性的降水帶、緯度的反射以及暴露于截然不同的大西洋和印度洋氣流之下，使相應(yīng)的植被帶的出現(xiàn)成為可能。[F] 有關(guān)非洲植被的圖形繪制及其分類的早期努力就十分重視這種相關(guān)性：有時(shí)植物帶的名稱直接源于氣候。這里討論的“帶”的概念僅限于廣義和描述性的含義。
　　當(dāng)人們對(duì)非洲好幾萬(wàn)植物種類以及其復(fù)雜的生態(tài)了解得更多時(shí)，植物的命名、分類和繪制圖形也變得更加具體，開始強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)際存在的而不是推測(cè)可能出現(xiàn)的氣候。[A] 此外，隨著時(shí)間的推移，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了更多形狀和大小不一的植物區(qū)域。因此，許多規(guī)劃一個(gè)接一個(gè)地被提出，它們都涉及兩個(gè)重要方面的觀點(diǎn)：將要采取的治理手段的一般范圍以及人類的影響將要被理解或忽視的程度。
　　曾經(jīng)，在對(duì)非洲土地的科學(xué)治理中，其植被的一致性被認(rèn)為比同時(shí)期如果在西歐或美國(guó)進(jìn)行土地治理所能普遍接受的更大。[C] 現(xiàn)在，人們常常提出完全相反的假設(shè)。在許多有關(guān)非洲熱帶地區(qū)的研究中，多個(gè)物種的密切結(jié)合——復(fù)雜的相互聯(lián)系以及與局部的土壤、坡度和排水條件的關(guān)系——已經(jīng)被詳細(xì)地給予了說(shuō)明。在幾平方英里內(nèi)，就可以看得見植被的更替性：從長(zhǎng)有紙草的沼澤(紙草是古埃及人用來(lái)做紙的草，“紙”這個(gè)詞就來(lái)源于它)，穿過沼澤草地、闊葉樹林和草到在肥沃的山腰土上長(zhǎng)著的一片樹林，最后到幾乎光禿禿的巖石山頂上生長(zhǎng)的肉質(zhì)多汁的植物。
　　人類在非洲活動(dòng)的時(shí)間被認(rèn)為比在其它任何洲都要長(zhǎng)?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，所有活動(dòng)的結(jié)果都傾向于減少森林覆蓋面積和增加草地面積。但是在地區(qū)層面上，關(guān)于是自然還是人為導(dǎo)致了大多數(shù)非洲草地的發(fā)展，學(xué)者們存在很大的分歧。[G] 相應(yīng)地，這些學(xué)者在他們命名、歸類以及描述植物群系的原則上也是大相徑庭。對(duì)于幾乎同樣寬廣的地帶，一些學(xué)者將其歸類為非洲大草原(沒有樹木)和西伯利亞大草原(樹木稀疏)，而另一些學(xué)者則選用如森林、林地、荊棘、灌木叢、灌木這樣的術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)描述。這種差異性在已出版的兩幅有關(guān)非洲植被最全面最權(quán)威的圖譜所采用的植物術(shù)語(yǔ)中可見一斑。這兩幅圖是：R. W. J·凱伊編寫的《北回歸線以南的非洲植被圖》和后來(lái)出版的資料來(lái)源更為廣泛的由富蘭克·懷特編輯的《非洲植被圖》。以木本植群的覆蓋率和草本層為依據(jù)，凱伊的圖采用“非洲大草原”和“西伯利亞大草原”對(duì)植物群系進(jìn)行精確定義;而在懷特的圖中，卻并不采用這兩種具體的分類方法。然而，普遍而廣泛意義上的非洲大草原的迅速缺失卻是令人質(zhì)疑的。
　　現(xiàn)在使用的非洲植被圖譜及普通的植被歸類法都沿用懷特的圖譜及其廣博的注解。[D]但是，源圖中確認(rèn)的100種植物的具體類別被簡(jiǎn)化為14種涵蓋更廣的類別。
　　干擾項(xiàng)
　　[B] 在高降水量地區(qū)，比如非洲東部，大草原的植被因周期性的火災(zāi)而得以保存。雨季末的大火燃燒了干草，火燒退了森林植被，阻礙了樹木和灌木的滋生，并促進(jìn)了新草的生長(zhǎng)。
　　[E] 非洲植被帶與氣候帶有著緊密的聯(lián)系，赤道以南和赤道以北出現(xiàn)了結(jié)構(gòu)非常相似的植被帶。氣候帶、降雨量和降雨的季節(jié)性分布的差異一起對(duì)植被發(fā)展構(gòu)成了最重要的影響。
　　Part C
　　Directions:
　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
　　Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which inpiduals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (46) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.
　　Standard economics can be pided into two major fields. (47) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of inpidual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.
　　The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments, (48) Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.
　　Economic issues have occupied people’s minds throughout the ages. (49) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (50) During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.
　　Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.
　　答案
　　46.其他領(lǐng)域的研究也有助于對(duì)此的理解：心理學(xué)和倫理學(xué)試圖解釋目標(biāo)是如何形成的，歷史記錄著人們所追求的目標(biāo)的變化，社會(huì)學(xué)則從社會(huì)環(huán)境的角度來(lái)解釋人們的行為。
　　47.第一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，價(jià)格理論或微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，解釋在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)中供需間的相互作用是怎樣導(dǎo)致了大量的個(gè)別價(jià)格、工資率、利潤(rùn)空間和租金的變化。
　　48.因?yàn)?，按照凱恩斯的理論，不充分的總體需求會(huì)增加失業(yè)，建議的解決方式是企業(yè)擴(kuò)大投資或政府增加開支，繼而增加預(yù)算赤字。
　　49.古希臘的亞里士多德和柏圖都在著作中談到財(cái)富、財(cái)產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易問題，兩人都對(duì)商業(yè)持有偏見，認(rèn)為靠生意來(lái)謀生是不足取的。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
　　50.在中世紀(jì)，羅馬天主教會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思想表達(dá)在其教法中，教法譴責(zé)從借貸中獲利的行為，并認(rèn)為商業(yè)地位劣于農(nóng)業(yè)。
　　總體分析
　　本文主要介紹了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究發(fā)展歷史。
　　第一段：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的定義及研究對(duì)象。
　　第二、三段：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的兩大領(lǐng)域：微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。
　　第四、五段：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究的古代和現(xiàn)代理論。
　　試題精解
　　46.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：并列分句、后置定語(yǔ)。
　　該句子中冒號(hào)后是并列的三個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。第一個(gè)分句中how引導(dǎo)的從句做explain的賓語(yǔ);第二個(gè)和第三個(gè)分句中都有介詞in的短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)提前。
　　詞匯方面：contribute to意為“是……的原因;增進(jìn)，有助于”;knowledge意為“知識(shí);知曉，了解”，文中活譯為“對(duì)…的理解”。
　　47.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)。
　　句子的主干是The first explains how…。主語(yǔ)后的名詞短語(yǔ)price theory or microeconomics是其同位語(yǔ)，因此翻譯the first時(shí)，應(yīng)增譯為“第一個(gè)領(lǐng)域”。how引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，其主干是the interplay … creates …。介詞短語(yǔ)in competitive markets做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)前置。
　　詞匯方面：interplay意為“相互影響”;a multitude of意為“許多的，大量的”;inpidual意為“個(gè)別的，單獨(dú)的， 個(gè)人的”;margin意為“(時(shí)間、空間、金錢的)余地”，profit margin指“利潤(rùn)空間”。
　　48.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。
　　該句是包含原因狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句,句子主干是the indicated cure is…,表語(yǔ)由并列連詞either … or…連接。
　　詞匯方面：indicated是過去分詞用做形容詞，動(dòng)詞indicate意為“表明，暗示，提及，建議”，根據(jù)上下文indicated譯為“建議的”。more investment，more spending和larger budget deficits是形容詞比較級(jí)加名詞，根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞加名詞的搭配，即“擴(kuò)大投資”、“增加開支”和“增加預(yù)算赤字”。
　　49.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：定語(yǔ)從句、分詞做狀語(yǔ)。
　　主句是Aristotle and … wrote about problems …，后面接有both of whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，采用拆譯法單獨(dú)成句。句子最后的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)feeling that …在定語(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)也應(yīng)單獨(dú)成句，that后引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，做feeling的賓語(yǔ)。
　　詞匯方面：be prejudiced against意為“對(duì)…有偏見”，undesirable意為“不想要的，不得人心的”。
　　50.[精解] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作后置定語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句。
　　該句含有which引導(dǎo)的非限定性從句做定語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)拆開單獨(dú)成句，并重復(fù)先行詞，做從句的主語(yǔ)。
　　詞匯方面：condemn意為“譴責(zé)”，taking of interest是動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，可增譯為“獲利的行為”。
　　全文翻譯
　　正如大家所知道的，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是與生產(chǎn)、分配、交換和消費(fèi)物品和服務(wù)相關(guān)的社會(huì)科學(xué)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家關(guān)注個(gè)人、群體、商業(yè)企業(yè)和政府試圖有效地實(shí)現(xiàn)他們選定的任何經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)的方式。其他領(lǐng)域的研究也有助于對(duì)此的理解：心理學(xué)和倫理學(xué)試圖解釋目標(biāo)是如何形成的，歷史學(xué)記錄著人們所追求的目標(biāo)的變化，社會(huì)學(xué)則從社會(huì)環(huán)境的角度來(lái)解釋人們的行為。
　　規(guī)范的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)可分為兩大主要的領(lǐng)域。第一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，價(jià)格理論或微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，解釋在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)中供需間的相互作用是怎樣導(dǎo)致了大量的個(gè)別價(jià)格、工資率、利潤(rùn)空間和租金的變化。微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)認(rèn)為人的行為是理性的。消費(fèi)者努力以能帶來(lái)最大愉悅的方式花費(fèi)他們的收入。按經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家所說(shuō)，他們使效用最大化。對(duì)企業(yè)家而言，他們從經(jīng)營(yíng)中尋求最大的利潤(rùn)。
　　第二個(gè)領(lǐng)域，宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，是涉及國(guó)民收入和就業(yè)的現(xiàn)代理論。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)最早可追述到英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家約翰·梅納德·凱恩斯1935年所著的《就業(yè)、利息和貨幣通論》一書。他對(duì)繁榮和蕭條的解釋圍繞消費(fèi)者、商業(yè)投資者和政府對(duì)貨物或服務(wù)的總體需求。因?yàn)椋凑談P恩斯的理論，不充分的總體需求會(huì)增加失業(yè)，建議的解決方式是企業(yè)擴(kuò)大投資或政府增加開支，繼而增加預(yù)算赤字。
　　經(jīng)濟(jì)問題一直以來(lái)都占據(jù)著人們的思想。古希臘的亞里士多德和柏圖都在著作中談到財(cái)富、財(cái)產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易問題，兩人都對(duì)商業(yè)持有偏見，認(rèn)為靠生意來(lái)謀生是不足取的。羅馬人從希臘人那里借用了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思想，對(duì)經(jīng)商同樣不屑一顧。在中世紀(jì)，羅馬天主教會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思想表達(dá)在其教法中，教法譴責(zé)從借貸中獲利的行為，并認(rèn)為商業(yè)地位劣于農(nóng)業(yè)。
　　經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)作為一門現(xiàn)代研究學(xué)科，區(qū)別于道德哲學(xué)和政治學(xué)，可追述到蘇格蘭哲學(xué)家兼經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家亞當(dāng)·斯密1776年著的《國(guó)民財(cái)富的性質(zhì)和原因的研究》。重商主義和重農(nóng)主義是斯密的古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及其19世紀(jì)后繼者(新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))的理論先驅(qū)。
　　
Section Ⅲ Writing
　　Part A
　　51. Directions:
　　On your way from Beijing to Paris, you lost you luggage carried by the airline. Write a complaint letter to the service center of the Airline. In your letter, you should tell them
　　1) what happened to your luggage,
　　2) what your luggage is like,
　　3) what compensation you expect.
　　You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
　　一、審題與謀篇
　　本題要求寫一封投訴信。寫投訴信的目的是表達(dá)不滿、憤怒等情緒，并希望遇到的問題能夠得到解決。投訴的原因多種多樣，如：顧客投宿服務(wù)或產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量差、價(jià)格高、沒有達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn);學(xué)生投訴食堂的飯菜又貴又難吃;居民投訴附近噪音大等。由于寫信的目的主要是希望自己的聲音能被聽到，問題能夠快速得到解決，因此寫出恰當(dāng)而有力的投訴信是非常重要的。寫此類信時(shí)應(yīng)盡量保持一種禮貌而堅(jiān)定的語(yǔ)氣，不能恐嚇或威脅。注意用簡(jiǎn)潔而切題的方式把問題陳述清楚，詳細(xì)描述所投訴的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，說(shuō)明給你帶來(lái)的不便，陳述你希望得到的問題解決方式，可以明確時(shí)間的期限。此外，寫信時(shí)應(yīng)表示出對(duì)得到公正對(duì)待的自信，但避免過于情緒化。
　　指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中給出的情景是托運(yùn)行李在航班上丟失，信的內(nèi)容包括：(1)介紹你的行李所發(fā)生的狀況;(2)說(shuō)明行李的具體特征;(3)希望得到的賠償。
　　二、 參考范文
　　Dear Sir or Madam,
　　I am writing because I need to complain to you about what happened to my luggage carried by your airlines. On Friday, June 2, 2006, I traveled on your airlines from Beijing to Paris. When I went to pick up my luggage in Paris, I was informed that it was missing. The lost luggage is a black suitcase, 50 cm in length and 30 cm in width, in which there are five volumes of valuable research papers. If they cannot be found for me, I am sure that you will agree to pay me ￥1000, the estimated worth of my luggage on my claim ticket, to compensate for my great loss.
　　I have always enjoyed the good service of your airlines, and I look forward to receiving the same kind of good service in this matter.
　　Sincerely
　　Li Ming
　　Part B
　　52. Directions:
　　Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
　　1) describe the drawing, 2) interpret its implications, 3) give your comments.
　　You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
　　　一、 審題謀篇
　　本題為圖畫式作文。一篇好的作文首先要中心明確，所以考試中，確定主題也成了我們的第一要?jiǎng)?wù)。由于指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)對(duì)主題的提示較少，所以本篇作文的關(guān)鍵是看圖，尤其是圖畫的題目。在圖畫中，我們可以看到一匹抬起前腿，將要馳騁的駿馬，題目為：千里之行，是從第一步開始的。可見，文章主題應(yīng)圍繞“第一步”與“千里之行”的關(guān)系展開論述，可以討論“起步”或“行動(dòng)”的重要性。
　　再看指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)可知，文章應(yīng)以圖畫展示的內(nèi)容為主題，(一)描述圖畫;(二)闡述圖畫所要表達(dá)的含義;(三)發(fā)表自己的看法。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
　　二、參考范文
　　范文一
　　As we can see in the picture, a horse is starting the first step in his journey vigorously. The prancing horse, together with the line of words beneath that every journey begins with the first step, implies the importance of beginnings, and the necessity of getting off to a right start in anything that one undertakes.
　　As we all know, the foundations of a building must be strong, or else the whole structure will fall down someday. The pioneering of any enterprise always contains the soul of it, in which is wrapped the whole motive, purpose and plan of the venture. The success of autumn crops depends on the initial steps taken in the spring. Therefore, it seems that the beginning point is dynamic and alive and often more important than any other point in the journey. When asked about the key to success, a successful author replied that the most helpful thing was to start writing. Without taking the first step, potential genius will contents itself with mediocrity. Only by trying, the first can produce the second, the second the third, and so on to the very goal.
　　In sum, there is a magic potential in the first step taken toward a successful end in view.
　　范文二
　　As we can see in the picture, a horse is taking his first step of a journey. This beginning seems to be hard and painstaking， but every journey begins with the first step. No matter what we are going to do, we should start with our action.
　　Though planning and dreaming is important, action is essential for our success. Maybe after all the efforts we still can’t accomplish our aims, but taking no action can get us nowhere. For example, some students often complain about their bad luck when getting low marks in an exam; however, the reason for their failure is that most of them don’t listen carefully in class nor review their lessons after class. By contrast, those who get high marks have devoted much time and effort to learning. The most accomplished people in the world always have a history of making perseverant efforts, as Madam Cury and Edison did as scientists, Beethoven and Bach did as musicians, Marx and Confucius did as philosophers.
　　In short, no pains no gains. Let us put our plans and aims into action. Only after great effort can we get what we want and live an accomplished life; otherwise, our life will be full of failure and disappointment, which is surely no one’s choice.

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