2015年湖北考研《英語》模擬試題及答案五
來源:湖北自考網(wǎng)
時間:2014-05-17
湖北2015年考研《英語》模擬試題及答案五
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point, one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent:“There’s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”
A leading cause of the __7__porce rate (more than half of all marriages end in porce) is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. They don’t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.
In __10__fashion, political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why? Because they don’t believe that they listen to them. In fact, it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story: At a national__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago, then Senator Joseph Montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak,__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience, Montoya began reading the press release, not his speech. He began, “For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya, Democrat of New Mexico, last night told the National...” Montoya read the entire six-page release,__19__ with the statement that he “was repeatedly __20__by applause.”
1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor
2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble
3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion
4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening
5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless
6.[A] turning [B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging
7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising [D] arousing
8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact
9.[A] relates [B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts
10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise
11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported
12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch
13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting
14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal
15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted
16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue
17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on
18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight
19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded
20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped
答案
1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A
11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C
總體分析
本文主要討論了聽行為對人際交流的影響。文章第一段從父母和子女之間的交流出發(fā),說明兒女不聽父母的話造成了他們之間的隔閡。第二段從婚姻的角度出發(fā),說明夫妻雙方的互不理睬造成交流不暢,從而使離婚率上升。第三段從政治的角度出發(fā),說明政府官員不聆聽選民甚至不在意自己所說的話,造成官民隔閡。例證法是本文采用的主要的論證方法。
試題精解
1.[精解] 本題考查考生通過上下文選擇適當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~的能力??崭裉幪钊氲男稳菰~在句子中充當(dāng)表語,說明“青少年與父母的交流是__1__”。首先排除[C]項rare“希罕的,珍貴的”,因為它強(qiáng)調(diào)事物因罕見而珍貴,而文中需要的是表貶義的詞??崭窈竺娌糠痔岬?,造成這種隔閡(gap)的首要原因是聽的行為。由此可知,這里討論的是聽對人與人之間交流效果的影響,不是交流少,而是交流不好,所以[D]項poor“質(zhì)差的,效率低的,不理想的”正確。scarce“缺乏的,不足的”;little“很少的,幾乎無”。
2.[精解] 本題考查考生通過上下文選擇適當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~的能力??崭裉幪钊氲男稳菰~修飾listening behavior,說明“__2__聽的行為會造成父母和孩子之間溝通不好”。[A]項malignant“惡性的,惡意的”貶義程度太深,不適合描述父母和孩子之間的行為。[D]項feeble “無效的,無力的”,形容人時表示“虛弱無力的”,形容事物時表示“無效的,無力的”,和[C]項ineffective“無效的,無能的”近義,如a feeble argument/joke無力的證據(jù)/干巴巴的笑話。由緊接著的下文的舉例可知,這里說的聽的行為是指主觀上拒絕傾聽。因此強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀效度的[C]、[D]項也不適合。[B]項deficient“不完善的,有缺點的,有缺陷的”,意為not good enough,在文中指“不完善的聽的行為”。符合文意。
例句補(bǔ)充:She developed a malignant tumor in her breast(她得了惡性乳腺癌);Our prisons are our most deficient social service(監(jiān)獄是我們社會服務(wù)中最不完善的地方);This plan is ineffective(這個計劃不奏效);Some Party organizations are feeble and lax(一些黨的組織松散而無力)。
3.[精解] 本題考查考生對固定搭配的掌握程度。a case in point“典型的例子”是固定搭配,指a clear example of something that you are discussing or explaining,相當(dāng)于for example,引出下文的例子。An example“一個例子”,a lesson“一課,一次教訓(xùn)”;a suggestion“一個建議”,均不與in point搭配。
4.[精解] 本題考查考生對固定搭配的掌握程度。由上下文語義可知,該處意為:一位母親認(rèn)為她女兒有嚴(yán)重的聽力問題。表達(dá)這個含義的固定搭配是hearing problem。[A]項audio“音頻的,聲頻的”,如audio and video equipment(視聽設(shè)備);[B]項aural “聽覺的”,a musical with plenty of visual and aural appeal (一出頗娛人耳目的音樂喜劇);[D]項listening“收聽的,注意的”。
5.[精解] 本題考查分詞詞義和用法的辨析??崭裉幍男稳菰~與so…that結(jié)構(gòu)搭配,作句子的表語。該句與前一句屬于一個意群,都是舉例中的敘述內(nèi)容。根據(jù)語義,空格處的詞與上句的謂語believe呼應(yīng),即she was…結(jié)構(gòu)表示“她相信”。[A]項Believing“有信仰的”無法表達(dá)這種含義。[B]項convinced和be搭配,表示“確信的,深信的”,因此原文意為:她(母親)(對女兒有嚴(yán)重聽力問題)如此確信不疑,于是就帶著女兒去看聽覺病矯治專家……。[C]項assured“確實的,確定的”,修飾人作表語時,一般后面接有of短語或that從句,表示“肯定得到某物或達(dá)到某個目標(biāo)”,如He is assured of a place in the final(他在決賽中肯定有一席之地);[D]項doubtless“無疑的(地),確定的(地)”,多用作副詞,做形容詞修飾人時指“免除危險的恐懼,感到安全”,如The child slept doubtless and secure.
6.[精解] 本題考查短語動詞詞義的辨析。四個選項中只有[C]項的核心動詞tuck“把……夾入,把……藏入”不能與空格后的sb. out結(jié)構(gòu)搭配,如He tucked the letter in a book so he wouldn’t lose it(他把那封信夾在一本書里以免丟失)。但其他三個選項的含義符合上下文的只有[B]項,tune sb. out“不理睬,不注意 ”,文中表示“女兒不理睬她的母親”。Turn sb out“趕出,解雇,罷免”,如The voters turned out their local representatives(選民把他們的當(dāng)?shù)卮斫o罷免了);tug sb out“費力拉出或拖出”,如 We tugged her out(我們費力地把她拉了出來)。
7.[精解] 本題考查形容詞詞義的辨析??崭裉幪钊氲男稳菰~修飾porce rate,在含義上是指夫妻間傾聽失敗的結(jié)果。[A]項Rising與porce rate 搭配意為“上升的離婚率”,符合文意。[B]項arising多作后置定語,接out of或from sth.,表示“由...引起/產(chǎn)生的”,如injuries arising out of an accident(由事故造成的傷害)。[C]項raise是及物動詞,因此作定語表達(dá)“提高的,提升的”含義時,常用過去分詞,如raised eyebrow;[D]項arouse“激起,喚醒”,也是及物動詞,因此也常用過去分詞作定語,如aroused curiosity(激起的興趣)。它們的現(xiàn)在分詞形式raising和arousing多在句中作狀語。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
8.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義的辨析??崭裉幪钊氲膭釉~是說明“夫妻之間8的失敗導(dǎo)致了離婚率的上升”。全文主要討論了人與人之間的交流問題,所以[D]項interact“交流,相互作用”正確,如Playing a game is a way for a family to interact(一起做游戲是家庭交流的一種方法)。[A]項exchange“交換,兌換”,如They exchanged heated words(他們激烈爭吵);[B]項interchange“互換,使相互易位”,如The two boys interchanged caps(兩個孩子把帽子換著戴);[C]項encounter“遭遇,遇到”,如I encountered a former classmate in the theatre(我在戲院里偶然遇到一位老同學(xué))。
9.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義的辨析??崭裉幪钊氲膭釉~應(yīng)與to搭配,并符合文意。由前文的They don’t listen to each other(他們對對方的話充耳不聞)可知,[C]項responds“作答,作出反應(yīng),響應(yīng)”符合文意,如The government responded to pressure and dropped the proposal(政府感受到壓力之后撤銷了那項提議),原文意為:每個人對對方傳達(dá)的確切信息都毫無反應(yīng)。Relate to“和……有關(guān);欣賞,領(lǐng)略”,如I can’t relate to that kind of music(我不能欣賞那種音樂);refer to“提到,指稱;參考”,如He often referred to notes while speaking(他演講時??粗v稿);resort to“常去;求助,訴諸”,如If persuasion won’t work, we may have to resort to force(如果說服工作不見效,我們可能只得訴諸武力)。
10.[精解] 本題考查形近詞的辨析。第二段和第三段分別論述了聽的行為影響交流效果的例子??崭袼诙陶Z起過渡作用,表達(dá)“類似的,相似的”意思。[A]項like“相似的,同樣的”構(gòu)成的搭配in like fashion意為“以同樣的方式”。[B]項alike“相同的,相似的”多做表語,不在名詞前做定語,如My mother and I are alike in many ways(我和媽媽有很多相似之處);[C]項likely“很可能的,可靠的”語義與文意不符;[D]項likewise“同樣地,照樣地,又”是副詞,不能直接修飾名詞,也應(yīng)排除。
11.[精解] 本題考查考生通過上下文選擇適當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~的能力。空格處的形容詞與elected并列,一起修飾officials,是同時存在或前后相繼的關(guān)系。[C]項appointed“指定的”符合文意,即“選舉后被指派的官員”。[A]項nominated“提名的,推薦的”,其動作應(yīng)發(fā)生在elect之前;[B]項selected“挑選的”、[D]項supported“支持的,擁護(hù)的”與elected(選舉的)意思重疊。
12.[精解] 本題考查考生通過上下文選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拿~的能力??崭裉幪钊氲拿~應(yīng)與out of和with搭配,且符合文意。[B]項reach“范圍,影響”不能與with搭配,常見用法為sth. is out of reach或 sth. is out of the reach of sb.,意為“(某人)手不能及,夠不到”。[A]項connection“關(guān)系,連接”、[C]項association“聯(lián)合,聯(lián)想”均不與out of搭配,[A]項用法是in connection with sb./sth.“與...有關(guān)/相關(guān)”,[C]項用法是in association with sb./sth.“與...一起聯(lián)合”。[D]項out of touch with sb.意為“和...沒有聯(lián)系/脫節(jié)”,原文的含義是“官員們由于不聽選民的意見而與選民失去了聯(lián)系,不知民眾疾苦”,[D]項正確。
13.[精解] 本題考查通過上下文選擇適當(dāng)?shù)膭釉~的能力??崭裉幩诓糠?ldquo;they are 13”是定語從句,修飾先行詞constituents. 填入的分詞形式所表示的是代詞they即上文的officials對constituents所做的動作。西方國家的政府官員是由選民選舉產(chǎn)生,理論上是選民的代表,為人們服務(wù),represent意為“代表,表現(xiàn)”,所以[B]項正確。lead“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”;delegate“委派……為代表”;support“支持”。
14.[精解] 本題考查通過上下文選擇適當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~的能力??崭裉幍男稳菰~與conference搭配。由下文參議員的講話等可知,該處意為“立法會議”,[A]項legislative“立法的,立法機(jī)關(guān)的”正確。[B]項legitimate意為“合法的,正統(tǒng)的”;[C]項legalized “使合法化的 ”;[D]項liberal“自由主義的,不拘泥的”顯然不合文意。
15.[精解] 本題考查通過上下文選擇適當(dāng)動詞的能力。空格處填入動詞的被動形式,該動作的實際發(fā)出者是a press aide,直接賓語是a copy of a press release,間接賓語是Senator Joseph Montoya,含義為“一份新聞稿被新聞助理...給參議員”。由于新聞助理與參議員沒有直接的上下級關(guān)系,award“授于,判給”、submit“提交,遞交”分別表示上對下和下對上的動作,所以[B]、[D]項不正確。又由于文章沒有分發(fā)新聞稿的語境,所以[A]項distribute“分發(fā),分配”也不能用。只有[C]項hand“交給,遞給”符合語意。
16.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義的辨析。[A]、[B]和[C]項都能與speech搭配,[C]項deliver“發(fā)表(一篇演說等),陳述”,指口頭發(fā)表,符合文意。[A]項present“介紹,贈送,呈現(xiàn)”,放入文中指再度呈現(xiàn)或演示別人(一般為名人)的演說;[B]項publish“公布,發(fā)表”,指在報刊、雜志等上發(fā)表;pursue“追趕,從事”,不與speech搭配。與speech搭配的動詞還有make,give。
17.[精解] 本題考查介詞的用法。介詞to“致,致使(表結(jié)果)”的一個搭配是“to one’s+情感名詞”用作結(jié)果狀語,意為“令人(喜、怒、哀、樂……)的”。One’s既可是形容詞性物主代詞,也可以是名詞所有格。文中to the horror of the press aide意為“使新聞助理大吃一驚的是”。[B]項with“同……,和……”表伴隨;[C]項for“為了”,表目的;[D]項on“關(guān)于,涉及”,表主題。
18.[精解] 本題考查名詞詞義的辨析。空格處填入的名詞與of the audience搭配,表明聽眾對參議員這一舉動的反應(yīng)。[A]項joy“歡樂,喜悅”、[B]項enjoyment“享樂,快樂”、[D]項delight“高興,喜悅”三個備選項都有“愉快、高興”的意思,相當(dāng)于pleasure。顯然均不合文意。[C]amusement“樂,趣味”,指 the feeling you have when you think something is funny,文中to sb’s amusement意為:令某人覺得有趣的是。
19.[精解] 本題考查分詞短語作狀語??崭袼诓糠趾椭髡Z謂語read都是主語Montoya發(fā)出的動作,空格所在的動作做狀語,即“他在新聞稿的末尾總結(jié)到...”,能夠擔(dān)任此語法功能的只有現(xiàn)在分詞,所以[C]項concluding正確,相當(dāng)于and he concluded with…。
20.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義的辨析??崭裉幪钊氲膭釉~被動式應(yīng)表達(dá)掌聲對參議員講話的影響。[A]、[C]兩項都有“中斷”的意思,但disrupt“使中斷,使陷入混亂,破壞”,意為to prevent something from continuing in its usual way by causing problems,常指不好事件的發(fā)生,如Traffic was disrupted by floods(交通因洪水而中斷),不合文意;interrupt“(使)中斷”,指to stop someone from continuing what they are saying or doing by suddenly speaking to them, making a noise etc,符合文意。interfer“干涉,干預(yù)”;stop“使停止,使停下來”。
全文翻譯
最近的一項民意測驗顯示:美國一半的青少年認(rèn)為他們與父母的交流不好,而且造成這種隔閡的一個首要原因是有不理想的傾聽行為。一個典型的例子是,一位母親認(rèn)為她女兒有嚴(yán)重的聽力問題。她對此確信無疑,于是就帶著女兒去聽覺病矯治專家那兒檢查她的耳朵。專家仔細(xì)檢查了兩只耳朵,然后告訴這位母親說:“她的聽力沒問題,只是不理睬你而已。”
離婚率上升(一半以上的婚姻以離婚告終)的一個首要原因是夫妻間不能有效地交流。他們彼此充耳不聞。兩人對對方發(fā)出的確切信息都毫無反應(yīng)。
同樣地,據(jù)政治科學(xué)家報道,越來越多的人相信他們選舉指派的官員與其本應(yīng)代表的選民失去了聯(lián)系。為什么呢?因為這些人認(rèn)為他們不需要傾聽選民的意見。實際上,有時我們的政治家們似乎連自己的聲音都不聽。下面是一個真實的例子:在幾年前亞柏克爾克舉行的全國立法會議上,一位新聞助理在當(dāng)時的參議員約瑟夫·蒙圖亞演講前交給了他一份新聞稿。令該新聞助理大吃一驚而使聽眾感到有趣的是,當(dāng)蒙圖亞起來講話時,他讀的不是演講稿而是那份新聞稿。蒙圖亞先生以“即時新聞稿。新墨西哥州的民主黨參議員約瑟夫·蒙圖亞昨晚在全國……上說……”開始,讀完了全部的六頁新聞稿,并以他“不時被掌聲打斷”結(jié)尾。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
As a young bond trader, Buttonwood was given two pieces of advice, trading rules of thumb, if you will: that bad economic news is good news for bond markets and that every utterance dropping from the lips of Paul Volcker, the then chairman of the Federal Reserve, and the man who restored the central bank’s credibility by stomping on runaway inflation, should be respected than Pope’s orders. Today’s traders are, of course, a more sophisticated bunch. But the advice still seems good, apart from two slight drawbacks. The first is that the well-chosen utterances from the present chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan, is of more than passing difficulty. The second is that, of late, good news for the economy has not seemed to upset bond investors all that much. For all the cheer that has crackled down the wires, the yield on ten-year bonds—which you would expect to rise on good economic news—is now, at 4.2%, only two-fifths of a percentage point higher than it was at the start of the year. Pretty much unmoved, in other words.
Yet the news from the economic front has been better by far than anyone could have expected. On Tuesday November 25th, revised numbers showed that America’s economy grew by an annual 8.2% in the third quarter, a full percentage point more than originally thought, driven by the ever-spendthrift American consumer and, for once, corporate investment. Just about every other piece of information coming out from special sources shows the same strength. New houses are still being built at a fair clip. Exports are rising, for all the protectionist crying. Even employment, in what had been mocked as a jobless recovery, increased by 125,000 or thereabouts in September and October. Rising corporate profits, low credit spreads and the biggest-ever rally in the junk-bond market do not, on the face of it, suggest anything other than a deep and long-lasting recovery. Yet Treasury-bond yields have fallen.
If the rosy economic backdrop makes this odd, making it doubly odd is an apparent absence of foreign demand. Foreign buyers of Treasuries, especially Asian certral banks, who had been swallowing American government debt like there was no tomorrow, seem to have had second thoughts lately. In September, according to the latest available figures, foreigners bought only $5 6 billion of Treasuries, compared with $25.1 billion the previous month and an average of $38.7 billion in the preceding four months. In an effort to keep a lid on the yen’s rise, the Japanese central bank is still busy buying dollars and parking the money in government debt. Just about everyboby else seems to have been selling.
1. The advice for Buttonwood suggests that _____.
[A] Paul Volcker enjoyed making comments on controlling inflation
[B] the Federal Reserve has an all-capable power over inflation control
[C] economy has the greatest influence upon the daily life of ordinary people
[D] the economic sphere and bond markets are indicative of each other
2. The word “passing”(Line 7, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____.
[A] instant [B] trivial [C] simple [D] negligible
3. Which of the following is responsible for the rapid economic growth in the US?
[A] Domestic consumers. [B] Foreign investments.
[C] Real estate market. [D] Recovering bond market.
4. According to the last paragraph, most Asian central banks are becoming _____.
[A] rather regretful [B] less ambitious
[C] more cautious [D] speculative
5. The phrase “keep a lid on”(Line 6, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____.
[A] put an end to [B] set a limit on
[C] tighten the control over [D] reduce the speed of
答案
1.D 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.B
總體分析
本文是一篇介紹美國債券市場的文章。
第一段:通過敘述年輕的債券交易員獲得的建議說明目前債券市場的狀況有些出人意料。
第二段:指出在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展形勢一片大好的背景下,國債收益率卻在下降。
第三段:指出對美國國債的國外需求也出現(xiàn)疲軟。
試題精解
1.巴騰渥德得到的建議表明_____。
[A] 保羅·沃爾克喜歡就控制通貨膨脹發(fā)表評論
[B] 聯(lián)邦儲備局在控制通貨膨脹上有著超凡的力量
[C] 經(jīng)濟(jì)對普通人的日常生活影響最大
[D] 經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域和證券市場互為表征
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第一段首句提到巴騰渥德得到的兩條建議。第一條建議是:“經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的壞消息對于債券市場來說卻是好消息”。由此可知,從經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域和證券市場中一方的狀況可以反推出另一方的狀況。因此[D]正確,be indicative of sth.意為“表明,暗示,標(biāo)示”。第二條建議是:“美國聯(lián)邦儲備局前主席說的話都是金玉良言”。由此只能推知這位美國聯(lián)邦儲備局前主席說的話很有分量,不能推出他“喜歡評論(enjoyed making comments)”。從該句可知,沃爾克曾通過重踏來勢迅猛的通貨膨脹重建了央行的信譽(yù)。restore一詞表明聯(lián)邦儲備局,即,美國的中央銀行在控制通貨膨脹上也曾經(jīng)失利,排除[B]。[C]無從推知。
2. 第一段第八行的單詞“passing”最可能的含義是_____。
[A] 立即的 [B] 瑣碎的 [C] 簡單的 [D] 微不足道的
[精解] 本題考查詞義理解。passing一詞出現(xiàn)在第一段第四句。其上文提到,“債券交易員得到的兩條建議有兩處細(xì)微的缺陷。第一點是要從現(xiàn)任聯(lián)邦儲備局主席的嘴里聽到精確而有分量的話不只是……的困難(more than passing difficulty)”。顯然這一內(nèi)容是針對上文第二條建議(即,美國聯(lián)邦儲備局前主席說的話都是金玉良言)而講的。由“缺陷”(drawbacks)一詞可知,從現(xiàn)任聯(lián)邦儲備局主席那聽到金玉良言是非常困難的,這種困難不是“微不足道的”,因此[D]正確。
3. 下面哪一個是美國經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長的原因?
[A] 國內(nèi)消費者。 [B] 外國投資。
[C] 房地產(chǎn)市場。 [D] 正在恢復(fù)的債券市場。
[精解] 本題考查事實細(xì)節(jié)。由第二段第二句可知,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)第三季度呈現(xiàn)快速增長,這種增長是由一直以來揮霍無度的美國消費者以及僅此一次的公司投資帶來的(driven by...)。由此可知[A]是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的原因之一。另外一個原因是“公司投資(corporate investment)”,而非“外國投資”,排除[B]。下文雖然提到“新房子建造速度快”,但它是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的表現(xiàn),而非原因。[D]在文中沒有作為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的原因被提及。
4. 根據(jù)文章最后一段,大部分亞洲中央銀行正變得_____。
[A] 相當(dāng)悔恨 [B] 不那么有野心 [C] 更謹(jǐn)慎 [D] 猜疑
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。文章最后一段第二句提到,一直以來作為美國國債最大的外國買家的亞洲中央銀行最近改變了過去的做法。接著該段以具體數(shù)據(jù)說明外國買家購買美國國債的數(shù)量下降。從文中“swallowing American government debt like there was no tomorrow”可看出作者認(rèn)為大舉購買國債的做法是“不謹(jǐn)慎”的,而下文“have had second thoughts”他表明它變得更加慎重,因此[C]為正確答案。
5. 第三段第六行的短語“keep a lid on”最可能的含義是_____。
[A] 結(jié)束 [B] 設(shè)置限制 [C] 加緊控制 [D] 降低速度
[精解] 本題考查詞義理解。“keep a lid on”出現(xiàn)在最后一段倒數(shù)第二句,表示對“日元升值”做的動作。下文提到具體做法是:日本中央銀行忙于購進(jìn)美元并且把這些錢轉(zhuǎn)為政府債務(wù)。四個選項都是同一方向的表達(dá),根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)常識,應(yīng)選[B],表示“限制日元的升值”。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
(1)rules of thumb經(jīng)驗法則,也稱ROT,通常是基于以前的經(jīng)驗(比如在一段時間內(nèi)觀察到的平均值)或者更復(fù)雜公式的簡化。
(2)stomp(v.)邁著重重的步子走(或跳舞、移動),重踩,重踏
(3)runaway(a.)逃跑的,出走的;失控的;輕易的,迅速的
(4)passing(a.)暫時的,瞬間的;經(jīng)過的,過往的#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
(5)(just) for once僅此一次(與通常情況對比而言),如~ he arrived on time.(只有這一次他按時到了。)
(6)spendthrift(a./n.)花錢無度的(人),揮霍的(人)
(7)at a fast/good/fair/steady, etc. clip迅速,很快地,如Land prices will rise at a healthy clip.(土地價格將快速穩(wěn)定上漲。)
(8)thereabouts(ad.)(通常用于or之后)(時間、數(shù)量等)大約,左右,上下
(9)on the face of it表面上看
(10)rally(n.)公眾集會;(體育運動或證券交易)止跌回升
(11)Treasury(n.)(英、美等國的)財政部
(12)rosy(a.)紅潤的;美好的,樂觀的,如The future is looking very ~ for our company.(我們公司的前景一片光明。)
(13)backdrop(n.)(舞臺)背景幕;(事態(tài)或活動的)背景
(14)speculative(a.)推測的,猜測的,推斷的;投機(jī)性的,風(fēng)險性的
全文翻譯
作為一名年輕的債券交易員,巴騰渥德得到了兩條建議,如果采納的話,它們是貿(mào)易的經(jīng)驗法則:一,經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的壞消息對于債券市場來說就是好消息;二,從美國聯(lián)邦儲備局前主席保羅·沃爾克口中說出的每一句話,都要比大教皇的命令還值得重視。沃爾克通過控制來勢迅猛的通貨膨脹重建了央行的信譽(yù)。當(dāng)然,如今的交易員是一群更精明的人。但是這些建議除了有兩處細(xì)微的缺陷外,看上去仍是不錯的。首先,要從現(xiàn)任聯(lián)邦儲備局主席阿倫·格林斯潘嘴里聽到精確而有分量的話不只是微不足道的困難。第二,最近經(jīng)濟(jì)的好消息似乎并沒有讓債券投資者很不安。盡管歡呼聲已經(jīng)四處響起,但是本來期待由于經(jīng)濟(jì)好消息而上漲的10年期債券的收益率現(xiàn)在是4.2%,這僅僅只比年初高了0.4個百分點,換句話說,是幾乎沒有改變。
但是到目前為止,前沿經(jīng)濟(jì)信息比任何人預(yù)期的都要好。在11月25日周二,修改后的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)第三季度年增長率為8.2%,比人們最初設(shè)想的多了整整一個百分點。這種增長是由一直以來揮霍無度的美國消費者以及僅此一次的公司投資帶來的。從特殊渠道傳出的消息每隔一條就呈現(xiàn)這種強(qiáng)勁的增長勢頭。新房子仍在迅速地建造。盡管地方保護(hù)主義者不停地叫囂,出口量卻仍在增長。甚至曾被嘲諷為“失業(yè)型復(fù)蘇”的勞動力市場,在九、十月份也增加了125000個左右的就業(yè)崗位。表面上看,公司利潤的上升,信貸息差的降低,和迄今為止垃圾債券市場中最大的止跌回升,都在暗示一個全面的、持久的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。然而,國債收益率卻下降了。
如果說大好的的經(jīng)濟(jì)背景使這一切變得奇怪,那么顯而易見的國外需求的疲軟就令其更加奇怪了。國債的外國買家,尤其是一直以來不顧后果、大舉購買美國政府債務(wù)的亞洲中央銀行,最近似乎變得謹(jǐn)慎起來。根據(jù)最新數(shù)據(jù)顯示,九月份外國買家僅僅購買了56億美國國債,與八月份的251億美元和前四個月平均達(dá)到的387億美元相比,實在相形見絀。為了努力限制日元的升值,日本中央銀行仍在忙于購進(jìn)美元并且把這些錢轉(zhuǎn)為政府債務(wù)。但是其他國家?guī)缀醵荚趻伿邸?br /> Text 2
We’re moving into another era, as the toxic effects of the bubble and its grave consequences spread through the financial system. Just a couple of years ago investors dreamed of 20 percent returns forever. Now surveys show that they’re down to a “realistic”8 percent to 10 percent range.
But what if the next few years turn out to be below normal expectations? Martin Barners of the Bank Credit Analyst in Montreal expects future stock returns to average just 4 percent to 6 percent. Sound impossible? After a much smaller bubble that burst in the mid-1960s Standard & Poor’s 5000 stock average returned 6.9 percent a year (with pidends reinvested) for the following 17 years. Few investors are prepared for that.
Right now denial seems to be the attitude of choice. That’s typical, says Lori Lucas of Hewitt, the consulting firm. You hate to look at your investments when they’re going down. Hewitt tracks 500,000 401 (k) accounts every day, and finds that savers are keeping their contributions up. But they’re much less inclined to switch their money around. “It’s the slot-machine effect,” Lucas says. “People get more interested in playing when they think they’ve got a hot machine”—and nothing’s hot today. The average investor feels overwhelmed.
Against all common sense, many savers still shut their eyes to the dangers of owning too much company stock. In big companies last year, a surprising 29 percent of employees held at least three quarters of their 402 (k) in their own stock.
Younger employees may have no choice. You often have to wait until you’re 50 or 55 before you can sell any company stock you get as a matching contribution.
But instead of getting out when they can, old participants have been holding, too. One third of the people 60 and up chose company stock for three quarters of their plan, Hewitt reports. Are they inattentive? Loyal to a fault? Sick? It’s as if Lucent, Enron and Xerox never happened.
No investor should give his or her total trust to any particular company’s stock. And while you’re at it, think how you’d be if future stock returns—averaging good years and bad—are as poor as Barnes predicts.
If you ask me, persified stocks remain good for the long run, with a backup in bonds. But I, too, am figuring on reduced returns. What a shame. Dear bubble, I’ll never forget. It’s the end of a grand affair.
1. The investors’ judgment of the present stock returns seems to be _____.
[A] fanciful [B] pessimistic [C] groundless [D] realistic
2. In face of the current stock market, most stock-holders_____.
[A] stop injecting more money into the stock market
[B] react angrily to the devaluing stock
[C] switch their money around in the market
[D] turn a deaf ear to the warning
3. In the author’s opinion, employees should _____.
[A] invest in company stock to show loyalty to their employer
[B] get out of their own company’s stock
[C] wait for some time before disposing of their stock
[D] give trust to a particular company’s stock
4. It can be inferred from the text that Lucent, Enron and Xerox are names of _____.
[A] successful businesses
[B] bankrupted companies
[C] stocks
[D] huge corporations
5. The author’s attitude towards the long-term investors’ decision is _____.
[A] positive [B] suspicious [C] negative [D] ambiguous
答案
1. A 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.A
總體分析
本文是介紹股票投資的經(jīng)濟(jì)類文章。作者先介紹了投資股票回報率的下降趨勢,接著指出了投資者的錯誤投資行為,最后提出了建議。
第一至二段:指出投資股票回報率呈下降趨勢。
第三至六段:指出許多投資者仍然在繼續(xù)投資,而且很多老雇員將投資計劃的重心放在了自己公司上。
第七至八段:指出投資者不應(yīng)該完全信任任何一家公司,而應(yīng)選擇有利于長期投資的多樣股。
試題精解
1.投資者對現(xiàn)在股票報酬的判斷似乎是_____。
[A] 幻想的 [B] 悲觀的 [C] 沒有根據(jù) [D] 現(xiàn)實的
[精解] 第一段提到,投資者幾年前的夢想是永遠(yuǎn)拿到20%的(股票投資)回報?,F(xiàn)在調(diào)查顯示它降到了“現(xiàn)實的”8%至10%的范圍。第二段作者先提出疑問:但是如果未來幾年里這個值低于正常的期望呢?接著以銀行信用分析家Martin Barnes和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾5000指數(shù)為例指出,未來股票投資回報率必然是下降的。二段末句作者指出,很少有投資者為此作好了準(zhǔn)備。由此可推出,面對股票投資回報下降的趨勢,投資者的判斷是不夠現(xiàn)實的,是幻想的。另外, 第一段的dreamed of、realistic 的引號、以及第二段sound impossible后面的問號也都暗示了這一點。因此[A]項正確。
2.面對現(xiàn)有的股票市場,大部分股票持有者_(dá)___。
[A] 不再投入更多資金到股票市場
[B] 對貶值的股票反應(yīng)很憤怒
[C] 將他們的資金轉(zhuǎn)向市場其他領(lǐng)域
[D] 對警告置若罔聞
[精解] 本題考慮事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第四段第一句提到,許多投資者(savers)對擁有太多公司股票的危險視而不見。[D]項是該句的改寫,其中turn a deaf ear對應(yīng)原文中的shut their eyes to,the warning對應(yīng)the dangers。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
第三段作者通過休伊特(Hewitt)咨詢公司的職員的介紹說明,投資者仍在不斷地投錢(keeping their contributions up),但是他們不太愿意把資金轉(zhuǎn)投其他地方了(less inclined to switch their money around)。由此排除[A]和[C]項。第三段末句“投資者普遍感到吃驚(overwhelmed)”指的就是持股者對股市不景氣的反應(yīng)。因此[B]項與事實不符。
3.根據(jù)作者的觀點,雇員們應(yīng)該 _____。
[A] 投資公司股票以顯示對雇主的忠誠
[B] 退出自己公司的股票
[C] 等一段時間再處理自己的股票
[D] 信任一家特殊公司的股票
[精解] 本題考查作者觀點。第五段中作者提到,年青的雇員沒有選擇,只能等到50或55歲才能賣掉公司的股票以作為配送繳款(matching contribution)。第六段則提到,而老雇員在能夠退出(getting out)的時候卻沒有。60歲和以上的人中1/3的人選擇公司股票作為他們3/4的投資計劃。該段末句作者連續(xù)用幾個問號對這種做法進(jìn)行了質(zhì)疑:難道他們疏忽了?過度忠誠?疾病?由此我們可推出作者的觀點是反對投資自己公司的做法。因此[B]項正確,排除[A]項。
第七段首句作者則提到,投資者不應(yīng)該完全信任任何一家公司的股票。因此[D]項是作者反對的。[C]項文中未提。詞匯補(bǔ)充:to a fault“過度地”,如generous to a fault(過度慷慨)。
4.從文中可以推出,朗訊、安然和施樂是什么的名字?
[A] 成功的企業(yè) [B] 破產(chǎn)的公司 [C] 股票 [D] 龐大的企業(yè)
[精解]題干中的幾個專有名詞出現(xiàn)在第六段末,該句用虛擬語氣指出,就好像朗訊、安然和施樂的事情從來未發(fā)生過一樣。聯(lián)系上下文,上文作者對雇員購買公司股票的行為表示質(zhì)疑,下文則提出不應(yīng)完全信任任何一家公司。由此可推出,這是三家作為反面例子的公司,由于它們的先后破產(chǎn),使持有這些公司股票的人受到很大的損失。[B]項最恰當(dāng)。
5.作者對長期投資者的決定的態(tài)度是_____。
[A] 肯定 [B] 懷疑 [C] 否定 [D] 含糊其詞
[精解] 最后一段作者給出了自己對股票投資的看法:多樣股可以長遠(yuǎn)地保持穩(wěn)定,再加上債券的支持??梢?,作者鼓勵投資者做長遠(yuǎn)地考慮。上文中作者對投資公司股票行為的警告也是在勸告投資人不要抱有一勞永逸的想法,要有長遠(yuǎn)的計劃,預(yù)期可能出現(xiàn)的風(fēng)險。所以,[A]為正確選項。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
(1)toxic(a.)有毒的,中毒的;toxicant(n.)有毒物,毒藥
(2)bubble(n.)氣泡,泡沫;泡影,空談,幻想(v.)起泡;沸騰;興奮,得意
(3)turn out to be結(jié)果是,(最后)證明是,如It turned out to be a great disappointment.結(jié)果使人們大為失望。
(4)pidend(n.)被除數(shù);股息,股份紅利;額外津貼,獎金;意外的收獲
(5)contribution(n.)捐款;貢獻(xiàn);投稿;分擔(dān)(額)
(6)slot(n.)(機(jī)械或工具上的)狹縫,槽溝;時段
(7)overwhelm(v.)淹沒,覆沒;制服,壓倒;過于大量地給予;使不安,使困窘;overwhelming(a.)壓倒性的,無法抵抗的
(8)inattentive(a.)疏忽的,不注意的;attentive(a.)注意的,專心的
(9)persified(a.)多變化的,各種的;persify(v.)使多樣化
(10)backup(n.)支援(者),支持(者)(a.)額外的,替補(bǔ)的
(11)figure on指望,依賴~ your support;考慮,預(yù)期~ an hour’s delay;計劃~ leaving at noon
全文翻譯
當(dāng)泡沫的毒效和它的嚴(yán)重后果在整個金融系統(tǒng)中散開時,我們正在進(jìn)入另外一個時代。就在幾年前投資者還在夢想永遠(yuǎn)拿到20%的股票投資回報?,F(xiàn)在調(diào)查顯示它降到了“現(xiàn)實的”8%至10%的范圍。
但是如果未來幾年里這個值低于正常的期望呢?蒙特利爾銀行信用分析家馬丁·巴恩斯預(yù)計未來的股票投資回報率平均為4%至6%。聽起來不可能?一個較小的泡沫于20世紀(jì)60年代破滅之后,在接下來的17年里標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾5000股票的回報率平均一年為6.9%(包括紅利再投資)。很少有投資者為此作好了準(zhǔn)備。
現(xiàn)在看來,投資者似乎選擇了否認(rèn)的態(tài)度。休伊特咨詢公司的職員洛麗·盧卡斯指出,這很具代表性。你不會愿意看到自己的投資效益減少。休伊特公司每日跟進(jìn)500,000 401 (k)帳戶,發(fā)現(xiàn)投資者仍在不斷地投錢,但是他們不太愿意把資金轉(zhuǎn)投其他地方了。盧卡斯說,“這是老虎機(jī)效應(yīng),當(dāng)人們認(rèn)為他們找到了一臺賭運極佳的機(jī)器時會對玩更有興趣,但如今沒有什么是幸運的。投資者普遍感到吃驚。”
違背常識的是,許多投資者對擁有太多公司股票的危險視而不見。不可思議的是,去年大公司中29%的雇員在他們自己的股票投資中至少有3/4的402(k)。
年青的雇員沒有選擇,只能等到50或55歲才能賣掉公司的股票以作為配送繳款。
但是據(jù)休伊特公司報導(dǎo),老雇員在能夠退出的時候卻也一直死抱著股票不放。60歲和以上的人中1/3選擇公司股票作為他們3/4的投資計劃。難道他們疏忽了?過度忠誠?疾病?就好像朗訊、安然和施樂的事情從來未發(fā)生過一樣。
投資者不應(yīng)該完全信任任何一家公司的股票。當(dāng)你投資時,考慮一下如果未來的股票投資回報(好的年份和不好的年份一平均)像巴恩斯所預(yù)測的那樣糟糕,后果會如何?
如果你問我,我認(rèn)為多樣股加上債券的支持可以長遠(yuǎn)地保持穩(wěn)定。但是,我也在計算股票投資回報的減少。多么的羞恥。親愛的泡沫,我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記它,它是重大事件的終止。
Text 3
What accounts for the astounding popularity of Dr.Phil McGraw? Why have so many TV viewers and book buyers embraced this tough warrior of a psychologist who tells them to suck it up and deal with their own problems rather than complaining and blaming everyone else? Obviously, Oprah Winfrey has a lot to do with it. She made him famous with regular appearances on her show, and is co-producing the new “Dr.Phil” show that’s likely to be the hottest new daytime offering this fall. But we decided to put Dr. Phil on the cover not just because he’s a phenomenon. We think his success may reflect an interesting shift in the American spirit of time. Could it be that we’re finally getting tired of the culture of victimology?
This is a tricky subject, because there are very sad real victims among us. Men still abuse women in alarming numbers. Racism and discrimination persist in subtle and not-so-subtle forms. But these days, almost anyone can find a therapist or lawyer to assure them that their professional relationship or health problems aren’t their fault. As Marc Peyser tells us in his terrific profile of Dr. Phil, the TV suits were initially afraid audiences would be offended by his stern advice to “get real!” In fact, viewers thirsted for the tough talk. Privately, we all know we have to take responsibility for decisions we control. It may not be revolutionary advice (and may leave out important factors like unconscious impulses). But it’s still an important message with clear echoing as, a year later, we contemplate the personal lessons of September 11.
Back at the ranch (livestock farm)—the one in Crawford, Texas—President Bush continued to issue mixed signals on Iraq. He finally promised to consult allies and Congress before going to war, and signaled an attack isn’t coming right now (“I’m a patient man”). But so far there has been little consensus-building, even as the administration talks of “regime change” and positions troops in the gulf. Bush’s team also ridiculed the press for giving so much coverage to the Iraq issue. Defense Secretary Rumsfeld called it a “frenzy,” and Press Secretary Ari Fleischer dismissed it as “self-inflicted silliness.” But as Michael Hirsh notes in our lead story, much of the debate has been inside the Republican Party, where important voices of experience argue Bush needs to prepare domestic and world opinion and think through the global consequences before moving forward. With so much at stake, the media shouldn’t pay attention? Now who’s being silly?
1. Faced with persified issues of injustice, Dr. Phil McGraw advised that people should __.
[A] strongly voice their condemnation of those responsible
[B] directly probe the root of their victimization
[C] carefully examine their own problems#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
[D] sincerely express their sympathy for the victims
2. One possible response, when the program “Dr. Phil” was first presented on TV, that people were afraid of was _____.
[A] suspicion
[B] satisfaction
[C] indifference
[D] indignation
3. The word “tough”(Line 7, Paragraph 2) most probably means_____.
[A] piercing to the truth
[B] using vulgar language
[C] mean and hostile
[D] difficult to understand
4. The author advises the public to _____.
[A] leave out factors such as unconscious impulses
[B] draw lessons of their own from September 11
[C] respond decisively to September 11 tragedy
[D] accept decisions beyond our control
5. With a series of questions at the end of the text, the author _____.
[A] feels uncertain of what his own opinion is
[B] differentiates two conflicting views
[C] criticizes the Bush Administration
[D] argues for the US policy on Iraq
答案
1.C 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C
總體分析
本文是一篇討論“9·11”事件的社會根源的文章。
第一段:通過分析菲爾博士的節(jié)目受歡迎的原因,指出美國人不再一味把自己看作受害者,而開始接受“找自己的問題”的觀念。
第二段:指出在習(xí)慣于事事都把自己看作受害者的社會文化中,菲爾博士提出的“面對現(xiàn)實”的一針見血的建議非常有意義。
第三段:聯(lián)系到“9·11”事件,指出布什政府應(yīng)該對它負(fù)責(zé)。
試題精解
1.面對各種各樣的不公正的問題,菲爾·麥格勞博士建議人們應(yīng)該 _____。
[A] 強(qiáng)烈表示對那些罪魁禍?zhǔn)椎淖l責(zé)
[B] 直接探究他們成為受害者的根源
[C] 仔細(xì)檢討自己的問題
[D] 真誠地表達(dá)對受害者的同情
[精解] 本題考查事實細(xì)節(jié)。第一段第二句中who引導(dǎo)的定語從句介紹了菲爾·麥格勞博士的觀點。他告訴人們“要忍氣吞聲,找自己的問題而不要抱怨或責(zé)備其他人”。因此[C]正確。
2.當(dāng)“菲爾博士”節(jié)目第一次出現(xiàn)在電視上,人們害怕出現(xiàn)的一種反應(yīng)可能是 _____。
[A] 猜疑 [B] 滿意 [C] 漠然 [D] 憤怒
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第二段第五句提到,正如馬克·佩瑟在他對菲爾博士的精彩簡介中告訴我們的,電視工作組起初害怕觀眾會被他“面對現(xiàn)實”的強(qiáng)硬建議惹怒(be offended)。因此[D]正確。
3. 第二段第七行出現(xiàn)的單詞“tough”最可能的含義是 _____。
[A] 一針見血的
[B] 使用粗俗的語言的
[C] 卑鄙的、帶有敵意的
[D] 很難理解的
[精解] 本題考查詞義理解。tough一詞出現(xiàn)在第二段第六句,該句指出,觀眾渴望這種tough談話。其上文提到,電視工作組起初害怕觀眾會被菲爾博士“面對現(xiàn)實”的強(qiáng)硬(stern)建議惹怒。因此tough talk指的就是上文stern advice,即呼吁人們“面對現(xiàn)實”的建議。因此最接近的含義是[A]。
4. 作者建議公眾_____。
[A] 忽略像下意識的沖動這樣的因素
[B] 從“9·11”事件中吸取自己的教訓(xùn)
[C] 對“9·11”慘案給予果斷的回應(yīng)
[D] 接受不被我們控制的決定
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第一段提到,菲爾博士告訴人們要找自己的問題而不要抱怨或責(zé)備其他人。第二段最后兩句提到,菲爾博士呼吁人們“面對現(xiàn)實”的建議不是革命性的建議,甚至沒有考慮到影響人們行為的基本因素,但它仍然是有意義的,并得到了公眾的回應(yīng)。比如,它在我們對“9·11”事件的反省中就很有意義。由此可推知,作者認(rèn)為對待“9·11”事件我們可以采用菲爾博士的建議,即面對現(xiàn)實,總結(jié)自己的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn),不把責(zé)任推卸到別人身上。因此[B]正確。[A]在第二段倒數(shù)第二句的括號中出現(xiàn),是作者認(rèn)為菲爾博士的建議中可能忽略的一些重要因素,并不是作者建議大家做的事情。[C]也無從推知。[D]項是根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第三句臆造的選項,也不是作者提倡的觀點。
5. 作者在文章最后提出一系列的問題是因為他_____。
[A] 不確定自己的觀點
[B] 在區(qū)別兩種相沖突的觀點
[C] 批評布什政府
[D] 支持美國對伊拉克的政策
[精解] 本題考查寫作目的。文章最后作者提問到,有這么多的利害關(guān)系在里面,媒體難道不應(yīng)該關(guān)注嗎?到底是誰愚蠢呢? 由上文可知,“這么多的利害關(guān)系”指的是“對國家和世界可能帶來的不良影響”,“愚蠢”是在回應(yīng)“新聞秘書長批評新聞界過多報道伊拉克問題是自尋煩惱的愚蠢行為”,顯然,作者是在諷刺布什政府一意孤行地發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭。因此[C]正確。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
(1)astounding(a.)令人驚駭?shù)?br /> (2)embrace(v.)擁抱;欣然接受、樂意采納(思想、建議等)
(3)suck it up接受糟糕的現(xiàn)實并很好地處理,逆來順受,忍氣吞聲
(4)phenomenon(n.)(復(fù)數(shù)形式是phenomena)現(xiàn)象;(復(fù)數(shù)形式是phenomenons)杰出的人,非凡的人(或事物)
(5)profile(n.)側(cè)面輪廓;外形,輪廓;概述,簡介
(6)frenzy(n.)瘋狂,狂亂,狂暴
(7)inflict(v.)使遭受打擊,使吃苦頭
全文翻譯
是什么讓菲爾·麥格勞博士如此受歡迎?為什么這么多電視觀眾和讀者都喜愛這位如同鋼鐵戰(zhàn)士一般,告訴他們要忍氣吞聲,找自己的問題而不要抱怨或責(zé)備其他人的心理學(xué)家?顯然,奧普拉·溫弗里為此作了許多工作。她讓博士在她的電視節(jié)目上頻繁亮相而出名,并聯(lián)合制作了新的節(jié)目——“菲爾博士”秀,該節(jié)目很可能成為今年秋季最火爆的白天檔節(jié)目。但是我們決定把菲爾博士作為封面人物并不僅僅因為他是個天才。我們認(rèn)為他的成功可能反映了美國人時代觀念的一個有趣的轉(zhuǎn)變。也許是我們最終厭倦了受害者學(xué)的文化?
這是一個棘手的問題,因為在我們之中有許多令人痛心的真正受害者。男子虐待婦女的數(shù)字仍然驚人,種族偏見和歧視仍然以微妙或明顯的方式存在著。但現(xiàn)如今,幾乎每個人都可以找到治療師或律師來讓他們相信職業(yè)關(guān)系或健康方面的問題都不是自己造成的。正如馬克·佩瑟在他對菲爾博士的精彩簡介中告訴我們的,電視工作組起初害怕觀眾會因為他 “面對現(xiàn)實”的強(qiáng)硬建議而被惹怒。但事實上,觀眾渴望這種一針見血的談話。其實,我們每個人都知道應(yīng)該對自己所做的決定負(fù)責(zé),因此它也許不是革命性的建議(可能會忽視像下意識的沖動這樣的重要因素),但它仍然是一條得到很大反響的重要信息,比如一年后的今天,我們就從“9·11”事件中總結(jié)個人經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)。
讓我們追溯到位于德州克勞福德鎮(zhèn)的大牧場(畜牧農(nóng)場),布什總統(tǒng)在那里對伊拉克問題的態(tài)度仍然含糊不清。他最后答應(yīng)卷入戰(zhàn)爭之前會與國會和盟國磋商,并表示不會立刻發(fā)動攻擊(他說“我是一個有耐心的人”)。但如今,即使當(dāng)布什政府談?wù)?ldquo;制度變革”和向海灣地區(qū)派兵的時候,幾乎也沒有達(dá)成共識。布什團(tuán)隊還嘲笑新聞界過多地報道了伊拉克問題。國防部長拉姆斯菲爾德稱它是“瘋狂的活動”,新聞秘書長阿里·弗萊舍說它是“自尋煩惱的愚蠢的行為”。但是正如邁克爾·赫西在頭條新聞中報道的那樣,共和黨內(nèi)部已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了很大的分歧,黨內(nèi)一些重要的有經(jīng)驗的人士指出,布什在行動前需要考慮國內(nèi)和世界輿論以及戰(zhàn)爭對全球的影響。有這么多的利害關(guān)系在里面,媒體難道不應(yīng)該關(guān)注嗎?到底是誰愚蠢呢?
Text 4
Pressure is mounting on Ahold’s embattled supervisory board following the Dutch grocery group’s decision to pay its new chief executive more than C= 10m to lead its recovery from a ruining accounting scandal.
Anders Moberg’s pay package—and the timing of its disclosure at a shareholder meeting last week—has confronted Ahold with a new credibility crisis as it struggles to restore confidence after the C=970m ( $1 bn) scandal.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
The dispute-evident in a sea of critical media comment in the Netherlands at the weekend threatens to pert management from its recovery strategy, built on significant pestments and a likely rights issue to reduce C=11bn in net debt. Units deemed unable to attain first or second position in food retail within three to five years will immediately be put up for sale.
The board’s position appears all the more delicate following comments made by Mr. Moberg to the Financial Times, in which he criticized non-executive directors for ignoring his advice to disclose his salary in May, when he agreed his contract.
Instead Ahold waited more than four months to make the announcement, on the day share-holders were asked to approve Mr. Moberg’s appointment.
“I was the one who said I liked transparency, and I had hoped [the supervisory board] had shown [the salary package] in May to avoid a situation like this,” Mr. Moberg told the FT.
As the row prompted the left-leaning Dutch Daily to call for a boycott of Ahold’s Dutch Albert Heijn supermarket chain where only last week Ahold announced 440 redundancies—it was clear the supervisory board had badly misjudged the reaction.
While Henny de Ruiter, supervisory board chairman, said the salary was a fair reflection of what a company in Ahold’s unfavorable circumstances had to pay to attract a top manager,furious investors accused it of pushing through the package regardless of investor opinion.
Furthermore, Dutch media commentators noted that the scandal at Ahold had been the trigger for the Dutch government to appoint a commission to strengthen corporate governance.
That commission has recommended a limit on executive bonuses, far below the potential two-and-a-half times annual salary that Mr. Moberg could earn.
Meanwhile, Mr. Moberg is trying to distance himself from the row and focus on strategy. He told the FT that measures had already been taken to raise its stake in the ICA-Ahold joint venture in Scandinavia.
Ahold had included in its forecasts an amount necessary to buy the shares of either of its joint venture partners, who should exercise a “put option” and sell their stake from April 2004.
1. The decision on Anders Moberg’s pay package has _____.
[A] incurred much criticism from the shareholders
[B] helped restore public confidence in Ahold
[C] saved the supervisory board from another crisis
[D] put pressure on the new chief executive
2. The recovery strategy by Ahold’s management includes _____.
[A] avoiding the next accounting scandal
[B] perting investment to other fields
[C] issuing rights to more retailers
[D] selling the retailers with poor performance
3. Anders Moberg thought that if his salary had been announced earlier, _____.
[A] the board’s position would have become less difficult
[B] he would have agreed to the contract with Ahold
[C] more time could have been devoted to his recovery plan
[D] the shareholders wouldn’t have strongly opposed
4. Before the scandal at Ahold, the executive bonuses in Dutch companies _____.
[A] were higher than what Moberg earned
[B] were regulated by a commission
[C] were not monitored by the government
[D] were not set by corporate management
5. According to Moberg’s recovery strategy, Ahold will _____.
[A] sell its stake to other joint venture companies
[B] buy shares of its Scandinavian partners
[C] choose to put money in its chain shops in Scandinavia
[D] exercise its potential influence on partners
答案
1. A 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.B
總體分析
本文是一篇經(jīng)濟(jì)類文章,報道了荷蘭阿霍德公司在會計丑聞之后面臨的新的危機(jī)及實行的復(fù)興計劃。
第一至八段:報道阿霍德公司付給新任首席執(zhí)行官的薪酬所帶來的爭議。
第九至十段:指出阿霍德公司會計丑聞使政府開始加強(qiáng)對管理人員報酬的監(jiān)控。
第十一段至十二段:介紹阿霍德公司復(fù)興計劃的重要舉措是購買合資公司的股份。
試題精解
1.對安德斯·莫博格薪酬的決定已經(jīng)_____。
[A] 招致股東的諸多批評
[B] 幫助恢復(fù)公眾對阿霍德公司的信心
[C] 使監(jiān)事會擺脫另一次危機(jī)
[D] 給新任命的首席執(zhí)行官帶來壓力
[精解] 本題考查事實細(xì)節(jié)。第一段提到,在荷蘭食品集團(tuán)決定付給新任命的首席執(zhí)行官高額薪水來引導(dǎo)它從會計丑聞中恢復(fù)之后,阿霍德公司四面楚歌的監(jiān)事會面臨的壓力日趨上升。第二段進(jìn)一步說明,首席執(zhí)行官安德斯·莫博格的薪酬使阿霍德公司面臨一場新的信用危機(jī)。第八段提到,雖然監(jiān)事會主席認(rèn)為這樣一個薪酬公平地反映了像阿霍德這樣一個處于不利條件的公司需用多少薪酬才能吸引高層管理人員,但是憤怒的投資者仍然譴責(zé)監(jiān)事會不顧他們的意見強(qiáng)行這樣做。至此可以推出,薪酬的決定受到他們的批評。[A]項正確。
[B]和[C]項是高薪聘用的意圖,[A]項才是結(jié)果。第四段提到,首席執(zhí)行官批評非執(zhí)行董事沒有接受他公布薪酬的建議。第六段又引用他的話指出,如果一開始將薪酬透明化,就可以避免現(xiàn)在的不利形勢。因此,首席執(zhí)行官感到的不是壓力,而是對薪酬不能公布于眾的做法不滿。
2.阿霍德公司管理階層采取的復(fù)興策略包括_____。
[A] 避免再次出現(xiàn)會計丑聞
[B] 將投資轉(zhuǎn)向其他領(lǐng)域
[C] 授權(quán)給更多零售商
[D] 拍賣表現(xiàn)不佳的零售企業(yè)
[精解] 本題考查事實細(xì)節(jié)。第三段提到,關(guān)于薪酬問題的爭議威脅到管理層的注意力將從復(fù)興策略上轉(zhuǎn)移。該策略通過企業(yè)出售(pestments)和可能的授權(quán)來減少債務(wù)。那些被認(rèn)為不能在三至五年內(nèi)獲得食品零售第一、二位的零售企業(yè)(units)將立即被拍賣。因此,[D]項正確。[A]和[B]項文中未提,[C]項雖然出現(xiàn)了原詞issue rights,但出現(xiàn)了沒有的信息more retailers,也應(yīng)排除。
3.安德斯·莫博格認(rèn)為如果他的薪水公布得更早些,那么_____。
[A] 監(jiān)事會的處境就不會這么困難
[B] 他就會同意與阿霍德簽定合同
[C] 可以將更多的時間投入到他的復(fù)興計劃里
[D] 股東就不會強(qiáng)烈反對
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。注意題干中if條件句中用的是虛擬語氣,因此正確選項應(yīng)是一種未能實現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。第四段提到安德斯·莫博格批評公司非執(zhí)行董事沒有接受他在5月份公布薪酬的建議。第六段引用他的話中又提到,“我真希望監(jiān)事會5月份已經(jīng)公布這個薪酬來避免這樣的情形(監(jiān)事會處境困難)”。因此[A]項正確。
第四段末句中when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句說明5月份的時候他已同意簽定合同。因此[B]項不是虛擬結(jié)果。文中未把“薪酬”與“復(fù)興計劃”聯(lián)系起來說明兩者的相互影響,因此[C]項無從得知。第八段提到股東反對給莫博格的薪酬,但沒有說明是因為公布時間造成的,因此我們無法得出公布早一些,股東就不會反對。[D]項無從推出。
4.在阿霍德公司丑聞發(fā)生之前,荷蘭公司管理人員的紅利 _____。
[A] 比莫博格掙的要多
[B] 由委員會規(guī)范
[C] 不由政府監(jiān)控
[D] 不由公司管理階層限定
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第九段提到,荷蘭媒體評論員指出,阿霍德公司的丑聞引起荷蘭政府任命一個委員會來加強(qiáng)對公司的管理。這個委員會對管理人員的紅利提出了一個限度,這個限度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于莫博格可能掙到的2.5倍年薪。可見,丑聞前后的變化在于政府開始關(guān)注并監(jiān)控管理人員的紅利。因此[C]項正確。其他項都不能從文中推出。
5.根據(jù)莫博格的復(fù)興策略,阿霍德公司將_____。
[A] 把它的股份賣給其他合資公司
[B] 從斯堪的納維亞合伙人那里購買股份
[C] 選擇投資斯堪的納維亞的連鎖店
[D] 對合伙人施加潛在的影響
[精解] 本題考查事實細(xì)節(jié)。倒數(shù)第二段提到,莫博格努力讓自己遠(yuǎn)離爭吵,將注意力集中在復(fù)興計劃上。他告訴《金融時報》(FT)說,他已經(jīng)采取措施增加在斯堪的納維亞與ICA公司合資中的股份。因此[B]項正確。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
最后一段提到,阿霍德在它的預(yù)測中已經(jīng)包括了足夠多的資金來購買任何一家合資伙伴的股份。合資伙伴都應(yīng)該運用賣出選擇權(quán)(put option),從2004年4月開始出售他們的股份。[A]項顯然不對,它把“買”變成了“賣”。[C]項文中未提。[D]項描述不確切,“購買股份”并不是“施加潛在的影響”。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
(7)mount(v.)上(馬或車),攀登,爬上;上升,增加;準(zhǔn)備,開始(攻擊),著手
(8)embattle(v.)列陣,布陣,整軍備戰(zhàn)
(9)pestment(n.)剝奪,奪取;pest(v.)剝奪;擺脫~ myself of the idea消除那個念頭
(10)row(n.)排,行;劃船;吵架,爭吵
(11)boycott(n./v.)聯(lián)合抵制,聯(lián)合拒絕使用、購買或經(jīng)銷;拒絕參加~ a meeting
(12)trigger(n.)(槍的)扳機(jī);引發(fā)其他事件的一件事(v.)引發(fā),激發(fā)
(13)stake(n.)樹樁;賭金,賭注;投資(v.)賭,下注;資助,在經(jīng)濟(jì)上支持
全文翻譯
荷蘭食品集團(tuán)決定付給它新任命的首席執(zhí)行官1000多萬歐元的高額薪水從而引導(dǎo)它從毀滅性的會計丑聞中恢復(fù),這之后,阿霍德公司四面楚歌的監(jiān)事會面臨的壓力日趨上升。
自9 7億歐元(折合10億美元)的丑聞后阿霍德公司一直在努力恢復(fù)信心。首席執(zhí)行官安德斯·莫博格的薪酬——它的公布時間選擇在上周的股東會議上——使阿霍德公司再次面臨一場新的信用危機(jī)。
這周荷蘭媒體大量的批評性評論反映出來的關(guān)于薪酬問題的爭議,威脅到管理層的注意力將從復(fù)興策略上轉(zhuǎn)移。該策略以相當(dāng)多的企業(yè)出售和可能的授權(quán)為基礎(chǔ)來減少11億歐元的債務(wù)。那些被認(rèn)為不能在三至五年內(nèi)獲得食品零售第一、二位的零售企業(yè)將立即被拍賣。
在莫博格先生作出評論后,董事會的立場顯得更加微妙。他在金融時報的采訪中批評非執(zhí)行董事沒有接受他的建議,在他已同意簽約的5月份就公布薪酬。
然而,阿霍德公司等到4個月后才作出公布,并在當(dāng)天要求股東們同意任命莫博格先生。
“我說過我喜歡事情透明化,我真希望監(jiān)事會5月份已經(jīng)公布薪酬來避免這樣的情形發(fā)生”。莫博格先生對金融時報說。
當(dāng)這場爭論促使左翼的《荷蘭日報》要求抵制阿霍德在荷蘭的超市連鎖店Albert Heijn的商品時,很顯然監(jiān)事會對這個反應(yīng)已經(jīng)作出了錯誤的判斷。上周阿霍德公司剛宣布該連鎖店裁減員工440名。
雖然監(jiān)事會主席亨利·德·魯伊特認(rèn)為這樣一個薪酬公平地反映了像阿霍德這樣一個處于不利條件下的公司需用多少薪酬才能吸引高層管理人員,但是憤怒的投資者仍然譴責(zé)監(jiān)事會不顧他們的意見強(qiáng)行這樣做。
此外,荷蘭媒體評論員指出,阿霍德公司的丑聞已經(jīng)引起荷蘭政府任命委員會來加強(qiáng)對公司的管理。
這個委員會對管理人員的紅利提出了一個限度,這個限度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于莫博格可能掙到的2.5倍年薪。
與此同時,莫博格先生努力讓自己遠(yuǎn)離爭吵,將注意力集中在復(fù)興計劃上。他告訴《金融時報》,他已經(jīng)采取措施增加在斯堪的納維亞與ICA公司合資中的股份。
阿霍德公司已經(jīng)預(yù)計要使用足夠多的資金來購買任何一家合資伙伴的股份。合資伙伴可以運用“賣出選擇權(quán)”,從2004年4月開始出售他們的股份。
Part B
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the lish A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzania; East Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking, apelike early humans).41. ___________
The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago—dates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled in these two continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago). 42. ___________
Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domestication—the planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herding of animals—is evident in such places as the ancient settlement of Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacán Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. 43. ___________
Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals. 44. ___________
Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such perse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed. 45. ___________
[A] For example, the Moche lords of Sipán in coastal Peru were buried in about AD 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.
[B] By 40,000 years ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa. Populations in different regions employed various technological developments in adapting to their different environments and climates.
[C] Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago.
[D] The first fossil records of vascular plants—that is, land plants with tissue that carries food—appeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had not developed separate stems and leaves.
[E] Laetoli even reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago. Some sites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Archaeologists have also recorded how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 million years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago.
[F] One research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the United States. This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into new realms of study.
[G] Other sites that represent great human achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi (a group of early Native Americans of North America) at Mesa Verde, Colorado; the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the mysterious, massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the Pacific.
答案
41.E 42.C 43.G 44.A 45.F
總體分析
本文主要論述了考古學(xué)研究的發(fā)展,它延續(xù)了整個人類發(fā)展的歷史(從人類起源之初到現(xiàn)代社會),涉及了多種多樣的主題(包括最早出現(xiàn)的人類,人類的遷徙、文明、埋葬儀式、美國殖民生活、現(xiàn)代城市垃圾等)。
[A] 比如,西潘地區(qū)莫切人的貴族們約在公元400年被埋葬,身著優(yōu)質(zhì)的棉質(zhì)禮服,佩帶著精致的珠子和金銀裝飾。很少有能與他們墳?zāi)沟娜A麗相媲美的。能夠追溯這些儀式幾千年的發(fā)展有助于我們理解人類智力和精神的發(fā)展。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
[B] 到40萬年前可以發(fā)現(xiàn)人們在非洲大部分地區(qū)狩獵和采集食物。不同地區(qū)的居民利用各種技術(shù)的發(fā)展來適應(yīng)各自所處的不同環(huán)境與氣候。
[C] 考古研究也提供了關(guān)于12萬年前首先到達(dá)美洲的人類的許多信息。
[D] 最早的導(dǎo)管植物(即帶有運載食物組織的陸地植物)的化石記錄出現(xiàn)在志留紀(jì)時代。它們是沒有形成獨立的莖和葉的簡單植物。
[E] 利特里甚至展現(xiàn)了360萬年前的人類的足跡。一些遺址也包含了最早使用的簡單工具的證據(jù)??脊艑W(xué)家們還記錄了原始人類如何在約180萬年前從非洲擴(kuò)展到亞洲,然后在約90萬年前進(jìn)入歐洲的。
[F] 一個研究項目涉及對全美國現(xiàn)代城市垃圾的研究。這種垃圾相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)代社會中發(fā)現(xiàn)的考古記錄的遺骸。將來,考古學(xué)家會繼續(xù)開拓新的研究領(lǐng)域。
[G] 其他代表人類偉大成就的遺址各式各樣,像科羅拉多州梅莎爾地的古代阿納薩齊人(北美洲的一群早期土著美國人)的崖下住居;位于秘魯安梯斯山脈高處的馬丘比丘的印加城;偏遠(yuǎn)的太平洋復(fù)活節(jié)島上神秘而巨大的石刻人頭肖像。
試題精解
41.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:段落內(nèi)一致性原則+詞語的復(fù)現(xiàn)
本題的解答方法有兩種:順讀法和逆讀法。先看順讀法,文章首句是全文的主題句:考古學(xué)研究的時間很長,涉及到的主題也多種多樣。第二句出現(xiàn)了特征詞earliest,并將第一段的中心內(nèi)容縮小為:最早的考古研究主題是人類起源。接下來的內(nèi)容主要舉例說明這方面的研究,如:人類祖先的化石殘骸、最早的考古遺址。根據(jù)段落一致性原則,除非出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯詞,空格處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)圍繞這一中心內(nèi)容展開論述。從內(nèi)容上判斷,只有[E]項正確。該項第一、二句提到人類足跡和最早的工具的使用,依然屬于對于人類起源研究的范疇。此外,該項也出現(xiàn)了原詞Laetoli的復(fù)現(xiàn)以及第二句some sites contain evidence of the earliest…與原文中的These sites contain evidence of the first…結(jié)構(gòu)上的呼應(yīng)。邏輯詞also表明空格處填入的內(nèi)容和上文是并列邏輯關(guān)系。[C]、[D]項出現(xiàn)了同義詞的復(fù)現(xiàn),即first對應(yīng)原文中的earliest,[G]項復(fù)現(xiàn)了原詞sites,但[C]項中的“到達(dá)美洲的人口”,[D]項中“導(dǎo)管植物”(vascular plants),[G]項中的“人類的偉大成就”顯然都與空白處的上文無法銜接。
也可用逆讀法,空格出現(xiàn)在一段末。其上文提到一些直立行走的兩足動物(類似猿的早期人類),下文則提到最早具有現(xiàn)代身體特征的人類。因此空格處的內(nèi)容也應(yīng)該圍繞人類展開論述,提到humans或其同義詞的有[B]、[C]、[E]、[G]項。然后再根據(jù)段落內(nèi)一致性原則,排除干擾項,得出[E]項正確。
42.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:句際關(guān)系+特征詞的呼應(yīng)
本題空格出現(xiàn)在二段末。該段首句提到最早具有現(xiàn)代特征的人類出現(xiàn)的時間;第二句提到早期人類從非洲移民定居歐亞大陸。表面上看,空格所在上文的這兩句之間的邏輯關(guān)系不是很明確,似乎在說不同的方面,但是它們中的特征詞即表時間的數(shù)字顯示了其邏輯關(guān)系:時間上的順接關(guān)系,從“20萬年至15萬年前”到“10萬年至1萬5年前”。這種關(guān)系在填入第一段末的[E]項中也得到了體現(xiàn),該項末句剛好提到了“90萬年前”。提到時間數(shù)字的只有[B]和[C]項。根據(jù)時間順接關(guān)系排除[B]項,得出[C]項正確。該項中的邏輯詞also體現(xiàn)了它和上文間的并列邏輯關(guān)系。填入后,整個段落的內(nèi)容是考古研究對不同年代人類活動的記載:最早現(xiàn)代人類的出現(xiàn)、人類從非洲向歐亞的移民、人類首次到達(dá)美洲。
43.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:上下文的銜接+詞語的復(fù)現(xiàn)
本題空格出現(xiàn)在三段末。該段內(nèi)容分兩個層次,第一、二句為一個意群,講述考古學(xué)在記載農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展方面的意義。第三句則講述了考古學(xué)在人類早期文明研究方面的重要作用。第三句是個長句,其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who… and the ancient Egyptians, who…。該句舉例說明了人類早期文明:蘇美爾人修建了烏爾城,而古埃及人以吉薩城附近的金字塔和西比斯帝王谷的皇家陵墓聞名。因此空格處填入的內(nèi)容要么與上面兩個層次的內(nèi)容呈并列關(guān)系,論述考古學(xué)其他方面的作用。要么承接最近的上文即第三句,繼續(xù)論述有關(guān)人類文明方面的內(nèi)容。[A]項出現(xiàn)了表例證關(guān)系的邏輯詞for example,但后面的內(nèi)容卻是關(guān)于奢華的埋葬儀式。這無法與上文中的烏爾城、皇家陵墓并列。[C]項提到考古研究記載了人類到達(dá)美洲的信息,但該內(nèi)容與上文的人類文明也無法并列。只有[G]項繼續(xù)列舉人類文明的表現(xiàn):科羅拉多州梅莎爾地的古代阿納薩齊人的崖下住居;位于秘魯安梯斯山脈高處的馬丘比丘的印加城;偏遠(yuǎn)的太平洋復(fù)活節(jié)島上神秘而巨大的石刻人頭肖像。該項首句中human achievement與上文(human)civilization屬于同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。
44.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:段落結(jié)構(gòu)+詞語的復(fù)現(xiàn)突出主題
本題空格出現(xiàn)在四段末。該段落的結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰,首句為主題句:考古研究跨越了人類獨有現(xiàn)象的整個發(fā)展階段。第二句中邏輯詞for instance表明下文舉例說明首句論點。該例子中出現(xiàn)的大量相關(guān)語義的詞匯bury,dead,afterlife,burials,graves,funeral使主題句中的“人類獨有現(xiàn)象”明確為“埋葬儀式”。符合該段主題內(nèi)容的只有[A]項。該項以邏輯詞for example開始,通過“西潘地區(qū)莫切人貴族們的奢華的埋葬儀式”這一例子說明了上文中提到的論點“埋葬過程和葬禮儀式變得極其重要而且成為了繁文褥節(jié)”。
45.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:段落結(jié)構(gòu)
本題空格出現(xiàn)在五段末。該段和第四段結(jié)構(gòu)相似。段首為主題句:考古學(xué)也研究了更近的歷史時期。第二句以邏輯詞for instance為標(biāo)志,舉出“考古學(xué)家對美國殖民生活的研究”的例子來論證主題。而接下來的內(nèi)容則具體論述這種研究的內(nèi)容:早期殖民者用玻璃珠子與土著民族交換食物;種植園上奴隸的生活反映出他們的起源;美國的第一批主要城市的發(fā)展。因此空格處的內(nèi)容要么與上文呈并列關(guān)系,共同論證段落主旨;要么承接上文,繼續(xù)論述美國的殖民生活。[F]項第一、二句提到,一個研究項目涉及對全美國現(xiàn)代城市垃圾的研究。這種現(xiàn)代垃圾相當(dāng)于考古記錄中發(fā)現(xiàn)的遺骸。其中出現(xiàn)的present-day和archaeological record與原文中的more recent和Archaeology相呼應(yīng)。因此暗示這個選項的內(nèi)容是關(guān)于“更近的歷史時期”的考古研究。
全文翻譯
考古學(xué)研究覆蓋了很長的時間段,涉及到各種各樣的主題??脊艑W(xué)研究最早的研究對象從人類的起源開始。這些研究對象包括被認(rèn)為居住在350萬年至450萬年前的人類祖先的化石殘骸。最早的考古遺址在埃塞俄比亞的哈達(dá)、坦桑尼亞的利特里、肯尼亞的圖爾卡納以及東非的其他一些地方。這些遺址包含了早期兩足動物(直立行走、類似猿的早期人類)出現(xiàn)的證據(jù)。利特里甚至展現(xiàn)了360萬年前的人類足跡。一些遺址也包含了最早使用的簡單工具的證據(jù)??脊艑W(xué)家們還記錄了原始人類如何在約180萬年前從非洲擴(kuò)展到亞洲,然后在約90萬年前進(jìn)入歐洲的。
最早具有現(xiàn)代身體特征的人類(智人)出現(xiàn)在約20萬年至15萬年前的熱帶非洲。該時間是分子生物學(xué)家和考古學(xué)家一起測定的。遍及亞洲和歐洲的許多考古遺址說明了人類在最后一個冰河時代(10萬年至1萬5千年前)是如何從非洲移民并定居在這兩個大陸的??脊叛芯恳蔡峁┝岁P(guān)于12萬年前首先到達(dá)兩個美洲的人類的許多信息。[C]
考古學(xué)家證明了農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展發(fā)生約10萬年前。早期的馴養(yǎng)活動——植物的種植和收割以及動物的繁殖和放牧——在約旦和墨西哥等地的一些古代定居點非常明顯??脊艑W(xué)在早期文明(如美索不達(dá)米亞的蘇美爾人以及古埃及人)的研究中起著主要的作用。蘇美爾人修建了烏爾城,而古埃及人以吉薩城附近的金字塔和西比斯帝王谷的皇家陵墓聞名。其他代表人類偉大成就的遺址各式各樣,像科羅拉多州梅莎爾地的古代阿納薩齊人(北美洲的一群早期土著美國人)的崖下住居;位于秘魯安梯斯山脈高處的馬丘比丘的印加城;偏遠(yuǎn)的太平洋復(fù)活節(jié)島上神秘而巨大的石刻人頭肖像。[G]#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
考古研究跨越了人類特有現(xiàn)象的整個發(fā)展階段。比如,考古學(xué)講述了人類什么時候?qū)W會埋葬死人并形成對死后靈魂的信仰。在歐洲和西南亞洲,一些遺址中發(fā)現(xiàn)了最初的簡樸而有目的的墳?zāi)孤裨嵝袨榈嫩E象,這樣的遺址最早可以追溯到40萬年前。到人們生活在文明中的時候,埋葬過程和葬禮儀式變得極其重要而且成為了繁文褥節(jié)。比如,莫切人的西潘貴族們約公元400年被埋葬,身著優(yōu)質(zhì)的棉質(zhì)禮服,佩帶著精致的珠子和金銀裝飾。很少有能與他們的華麗的墳?zāi)瓜噫敲赖?。能夠追溯這些儀式幾千年的發(fā)展有助于我們理解人類智力和精神的發(fā)展。[A]
考古學(xué)也研究了更近的歷史時期。比如,一些考古學(xué)家和歷史學(xué)家一起研究美國殖民生活。他們也獲得了各個方面的信息,如早期的殖民者如何在弗吉尼亞的詹姆斯敦定居、如何用玻璃珠子與土著阿爾岡琴民族交換食物;種植園上奴隸的生活如何反映出他們起源于非洲;美國的第一批主要城市是如何發(fā)展起來的。一個研究項目涉及對全美國現(xiàn)代城市垃圾的研究。這種垃圾相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)代社會中發(fā)現(xiàn)的考古記錄的遺骸。將來,考古學(xué)家會繼續(xù)開拓新的研究領(lǐng)域。[F]
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
(46)Any discussion of the American educational system would be less than complete if it did not mention the emphasis that many colleges and universities place upon the nonacademic, social,“extracurricular”aspect of education, often defined as personal growth. Perhaps a useful way of viewing the notion of personal growth would be to picture the very large and general term“education” as being all-embracing, including as subsets within it academic and nonacademic components.
This may be one of the most difficult concepts to convey to someone who is not intimately familiar with American higher education. Few educational systems in other countries place the same emphasis on this blend of academic and personal education. The majority of colleges and universities in the United States make some attempt to integrate personal and intellectual growth in the undergraduate years. (47) If the ultimate goal of undergraduate education in America were simply to convey a set body of knowledge, the term of studies could undoubtedly be reduced. Yet the terms of studies are extended in order to give students a chance to grow and develop in other ways.
Numerous opportunities are made available to students to become involved in sports, student government, musical and dramatic organizations, and countless other organized and inpidual activities designed to enhance one’s personal growth and provide some recreation and enjoyment outside of the classroom. (48)Experience with campus organizations and off-campus community involvement can be highly valuable in preparing international students for future leadership in their professional field upon their return home.
The typical American college’s support for extracurricular activity is perhaps unique in the world, This special educational dimension, beyond the classroom and laboratory experience, does not mean that extracurricular participation is required to gain an American degree. It remains an entirely optional activity, but (49)it is noted here because Americans have traditionally viewed success in one’s role as a citizen as closely linked to a “well-rounded”life that incorporates a variety of social, athletic, and cultural activities into a person’s experience.
A great many American campuses and communities have organized special extracurricular activities for students from other countries. (50) On most campuses, one can find an international club, which includes Americans, where students can get to know and learn socially from students from other countries, as well as Americans. International students are almost always invited, through organized hospitality activities, into the homes of Americans living in or outside the academic community.
答案
46.如果對美國教育體系的討論未能涉及許多學(xué)院及大學(xué)教育中非學(xué)術(shù)性的、社會的及“課程外”的方面,即其對個性成長的重視,那么這種討論就不全面。
47.假如美國本科教育的最終目的只是傳授一定量的知識,那么學(xué)習(xí)的期限無疑就可以縮短。
48.參與校園內(nèi)的各種組織活動和校外團(tuán)體活動的經(jīng)驗在培養(yǎng)國際學(xué)生歸國后在其專業(yè)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用方面是極有價值的。
49.在這里特別提到的是因為美國人歷來認(rèn)為,一個人作為社會公民的成功是與包括各種各樣的社會、體育和文化活動的個人經(jīng)歷的全方位的生活緊密相關(guān)的。
50.在大多數(shù)的校園里都有國際俱樂部,成員包括美國學(xué)生。在俱樂部里,學(xué)生(包括美國學(xué)生)通過與來自其他國家的學(xué)生的社會交往相互認(rèn)識并學(xué)習(xí)。
總體分析
本文主要介紹了美國教育系統(tǒng)注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生課外活動能力,促進(jìn)學(xué)生個性發(fā)展的特點。
第一至二段:指出美國本科教育努力將個性發(fā)展和智力發(fā)展相結(jié)合。
第三至五段:這種教育特點與美國人關(guān)于成功的社會公民的觀念相關(guān),并有利于培養(yǎng)國際學(xué)生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和交際能力。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:條件狀語從句、后置定語。
該句子是含條件狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句。句子的主干是:Any discussion … would be less than complete。If條件從句翻譯時應(yīng)前置,其中代詞it指代主句主語Any discussion …。條件句中又含有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the emphasis。定語從句的主干是:… universities place (emphasis)upon the … education,句子最后的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)(which is)defined as personal growth是前面名詞短語the nonacademic, social,“extracurricular”aspect of education的后置定語。由于名詞短語中已含有多個形容詞做定語,因此,句末的后置定語應(yīng)采用拆譯法,譯成同位語。
詞匯方面:place emphasis upon (sth.)強(qiáng)調(diào),重視;extracurricular課外的,業(yè)余的,extra-前綴意為“在外,外面”;personal growth個人成長。
47.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:條件狀語從句、詞義的選擇。
該句是含if條件句的主從復(fù)合句,而且是虛擬語氣。
詞匯方面:convey意思是“運送;傳達(dá),表達(dá)”,文中和knowledge搭配應(yīng)譯為“傳授”。a body of原意是“大量,大批,大堆”,加入set后,可譯為“一定量的”。term意思是“學(xué)期,期限;條款,條件,術(shù)語”等,根據(jù)上下文將它確定為“期限”。
48.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:介詞短語、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。
這是個簡單句,其主干是experience can be valuable,句子中的修飾成分基本上都是介詞短語。主語experience后with … involvement結(jié)構(gòu)做后置定語,翻譯時將它提前;in preparing …結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語,譯為“在……方面”。
詞匯方面:off-campus校外,off-前綴意為“不在……上,離開,去掉”;involvement意為“參與,加入”,文中轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞。Upon可意為“……之后”。
49.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:狀語從句、后置定語。
該句是含原因狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句,主句是it is noted here。Because引導(dǎo)的從句的主干是:Americans … viewed success …as closely linked to a “well-rounded”life,in one’s role as a citizen做后置定語修飾success,life后接有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句做定語。由于主句很短,而狀語從句長且復(fù)雜,因此可以保留句子原來順序。
詞匯方面:note意為“注意,留意;指出,特別提到”。well-rounded是形容詞,意為“全面的,完善的”。incorporate sth. into sth.意為“將……包括在內(nèi),包含”。
50.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:定語從句。
句子主干是one can find an international club,句首介詞短語On most campuses做地點狀語,club后接有which和where分別引導(dǎo)的兩個定語從句。由于從句較長,采用拆譯法單獨成句。而且由于兩個定語從句共用一個先行詞club,因此它需要譯兩次。
詞匯方面:socially意為“在社交方面”。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
全文翻譯
如果對美國教育體系的討論未能涉及許多學(xué)院及大學(xué)教育中非學(xué)術(shù)性的、社會的及“課程外”的部分,即其對個性成長的重視,那么這種討論就不全面。也許看待個性成長概念的一種有用的方法是將“教育”這個廣泛而全面的術(shù)語描述為是包羅萬象的,學(xué)術(shù)和非學(xué)術(shù)成分都作為子集包括其中。
對于不特別熟悉美國高等教育的人來說,這也許是最難說明的概念之一。其他國家的教育系統(tǒng)很少這樣同時重視學(xué)術(shù)和個性教育。美國大多數(shù)學(xué)院和大學(xué)努力在本科階段將個性發(fā)展和智力發(fā)展結(jié)合起來。假如美國本科教育的最終目的只是傳授一定量的知識,那么學(xué)習(xí)的期限無疑就可以縮短。然而學(xué)習(xí)的期限之所以延長,目的是讓學(xué)生有機(jī)會以其他方式成長和發(fā)展。
學(xué)生可獲得大量的機(jī)會參與體育運動、學(xué)生政府、音樂和戲劇組織,及無數(shù)其他的為促進(jìn)個人成長并提供課外消遣和娛樂的有組織的和個性化的活動。參與校園內(nèi)的各種組織活動和校外團(tuán)體活動的經(jīng)驗在培養(yǎng)國際學(xué)生歸國后在其專業(yè)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用方面是極有價值的。
美國大學(xué)對課外活動的這種特有的支持可能在世界上是獨一無二的。這種超出課堂和實驗室經(jīng)驗的特殊教育內(nèi)容,并不意味著要獲得美國學(xué)歷就必須參與課外活動。它仍然完全是可選擇的活動,但是在這里特別提到它是因為美國人歷來認(rèn)為,一個人作為社會公民的成功是與包括各種各樣的社會、體育和文化活動的個人經(jīng)歷的全方位的生活緊密相關(guān)的。
許多美國校園和社團(tuán)都為來自其他國家的學(xué)生組織了特別的課外活動。在大多數(shù)的校園里都有國際俱樂部,成員包括美國學(xué)生。在俱樂部里,學(xué)生(包括美國學(xué)生)通過與來自其他國家的學(xué)生的社會交往相互認(rèn)識并學(xué)習(xí)。通過有組織的接待活動,國際學(xué)生幾乎總是被邀請到居住在學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體內(nèi)或外的美國人家中。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You will have an English class next Friday, but you can’t attend it. Write a letter to your English teacher, Mr. Wang, to ask for leave. Tell him:
1) why you ask for leave,
2) what you will do to make up for it.
You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
審題謀篇
本題要求寫一封請假條。請假條是便條的一種形式,包括病假條、事假條、續(xù)假條等。寫請假條主要把請假原因和請假時間寫清楚,請假的理由要講充分。同時注意內(nèi)容簡單明了,開門見山說明情況,不必贅述。如果有證明請假原因的證據(jù),如醫(yī)生證明、電報等最好隨條附上。
該請假條應(yīng)包括:(1)請假原因(2)你的補(bǔ)救措施。
參考范文
Dear Mr. Wang,
I very much regret I was unable to attend your English class next Friday.
As you may know, we senior students have been busy looking for jobs since the beginning of this semester. Luckily, I have got an opportunity to be interviewed by a well-known large public company, which I have longed to enter. Unfortunately, the interview is scheduled for next Friday. I really don’t want to miss this valuable chance, so I have to ask for leave. I know mid-term exam is approaching, and next Friday’s class is important. In order to make up for it, I will ask a classmate to copy your PPT and take notes for me. I will study them carefully and hand in all the homework on time.
I shall be very much obliged if you can approve my application. Sorry for any inconvenience caused by my absence.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
Part B
52. Directions:
Read the following saying and write an essay in which you should
1) interpret the saying,
2) give your comments onthe saying, and
3) write a title for your essay.
A woman’s career, particularly if it is successful, is often blamed for the break-up of a marriage, but never a man’s.
You should writ 160—200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
參考范文
A self-evident prejudice is made clear by the given saying that a woman’s career, particularly if it is successful, is often blamed for the break-up of a marriage, but never a man’s. Those who support the saying attribute the break-up of a marriage to the successful career of the wife. In their eyes, a successful woman devoted to her career will certainly neglect her duties to her husband, her children and thus results in the break-up of the family. This accusation is unfair and absolutely unacceptable.
The prejudice lies in the fact that it has been branded in our mind that women should be inferior to men and they should be at home to foster children and to support their husband. In fact, women should be entitled the rights to have their own careers. They have the rights to get the satisfaction from work besides that from their families. This accusation ignores the fact that the responsibilities for break-up of a marriage should be taken by both parties instead of one. Cleary, to blame a carrer woman for the break-up of a marriage is groundless.
As a conclusion, what has been traditionally taken for granted in our mind should be replaced by more rational ideas. From now on, it should be prescribed in our mind as law of various nations that everyone is born equal and they should be on equal terms.
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結(jié)束
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