2018年4月湖北自考英語(yǔ)（二）閱讀理解翻譯輔導(dǎo)（13）

湖北自考網(wǎng)為自考生整理了自考公共課2018年4月湖北自考英語(yǔ)（二）閱讀理解翻譯輔導(dǎo)，希望對(duì)大家的自考英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有幫助。關(guān)注湖北自考網(wǎng)微信（hbzkw_com），可以第一時(shí)間查成績(jī)，了解自考政策信息。

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Professor Colin Blakemore works at Oxford University Medical School doing research into eye problems and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits:The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics, vaccines and treatments for diabetes, cancer, developmental disorders…most of the major medical advances have been based on a background of animal research and development.

There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary. The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer. Their spokesman Colin Smith says:

Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results. People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work. We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.

But Professor Blackmore stresses:It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals. The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more animal testing, not less.

The birth defects that the drug produced were a result of inadequate testing. If thalidomide were invented today, it would never be released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.

Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME. This is the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments. It recognises that many experiments still have to be done on animals and is aiming for Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments. In 1981, it established a research programme to improve and expand non-animal testing. Increasingly, new technology is making it easier for us to find alternative methods of testing.

Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals. Data from previous animal experiments is used to develop a computer model which will predict what will happen if you add a chemical with an unknown biological effect to a substance. The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.

The Lethal Dose 50 test (LD50) may also be replaced. In the original test, all the animals in a test group are given a substance until half of them die. The test indicates toxicity. A method using a fixed amount, which gives the same eventual information but uses fewer animals and does not require that they die, may replace the LD50. Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.

The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years. This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better disigned so fewer need to be used - healthier animals provide better experimental results. For example, it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine, now it takes only 22. Also, lack of money has reduced the number of animals used - they are expensive to buy and expensive to keep.

Birmingham University now has Britain's first department of Biomedical Ethics. Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible. Animals spend 95% of their time in their cages and refinement also means making their lives better when not undergoing tests. This includes keeping them in more suitable cages, allowing social animals like dogs to live together and trying to reduce the boredom that these animals can experience.

In Professor Morton's laboratory, rabbits live together in large runs, filled with deep litter and boxes that they can hide in. The researchers have also refined some experiments. In the US, one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat's leg, leaving its leg paralysed. In Morton's lab, the researcher cuts a small nerve in the foot. He can see if it can regrow and the rat can still run around its cage.

Even with these new developments in research, only a tiny proportion of all tests are done without using animals at some stage. The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately if medical research is to continue and consumer products are to be properly tested, and Professor Blakemore believes that sometimes there are no alternatives:

Wherever possible, for both ethical and scientific reasons, we do not use animals. But cells live in animals and we can only really see how they behave when they are inside animals. We cannot possibly reproduce in a test tube or a computer model all the complex reactions of the body to a drug or a disease. When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body, or diseases of the brain for example, we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals.

As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in experiments may decrease, but stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away.

科林?布萊克默教授在牛津大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院工作，從事眼睛疾病的研究。他相信對(duì)動(dòng)物的研究已使人類獲益匪淺。

使用動(dòng)物對(duì)于麻醉學(xué)和疫苗的發(fā)展，對(duì)糖尿病、癌癥和紊亂的治療等極其重要。多數(shù)重要的醫(yī)學(xué)都是以動(dòng)物研究和開發(fā)的背景為基礎(chǔ)的。

有些人認(rèn)為這些實(shí)驗(yàn)毫無(wú)必要。國(guó)際反動(dòng)物痙實(shí)驗(yàn)協(xié)會(huì)是一個(gè)提倡使用不使動(dòng)物痙的替代方法的組織。他們的發(fā)言人科林?史密斯說(shuō)：對(duì)動(dòng)物的研究和我們的健康無(wú)關(guān)，它常常產(chǎn)生令人誤入歧途的結(jié)果。人和動(dòng)物對(duì)藥物的反應(yīng)及他們身體運(yùn)作的方式都不同。我們只要看一看醫(yī)療失誤就會(huì)明白。但布萊克默說(shuō)：沒有認(rèn)真在動(dòng)物身上實(shí)驗(yàn)的藥物大人身上使用，是完全不負(fù)責(zé)和不合道理的。薩力多胺就是一個(gè)著名的例子。它證明需要更多的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)而不是更少的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。這種藥物引起的先天性畸形是缺乏實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。如果薩力多胺是現(xiàn)在發(fā)明的，它就不會(huì)被批準(zhǔn)為人類使用，因?yàn)樵谟性械膭?dòng)物身上實(shí)驗(yàn)會(huì)提示其危險(xiǎn)。

另一個(gè)開發(fā)其他研究辦法的組織是FRAME，"替代動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)基金會(huì)"的簡(jiǎn)稱。它認(rèn)識(shí)到許多實(shí)驗(yàn)仍然不得不使用動(dòng)物，該基金會(huì)旨在減少使用動(dòng)物，改良使用動(dòng)物，甚至替代動(dòng)物。在1981年，它們?cè)O(shè)立了一個(gè)改進(jìn)和擴(kuò)大無(wú)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)的研究項(xiàng)目。漸漸地，新科技使我們更易于找到進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)可供選擇的辦法。電腦模型可以用來(lái)模擬細(xì)胞的活動(dòng)方式和預(yù)測(cè)化學(xué)制品的毒性。以前的動(dòng)物數(shù)據(jù)用來(lái)開發(fā)一個(gè)電腦模型，它能預(yù)測(cè)如果一種物質(zhì)中加入某種未知生物作用的化學(xué)藥品會(huì)發(fā)生什么。電腦模型的最終目標(biāo)是減少用于實(shí)驗(yàn)的動(dòng)物數(shù)量。

致死計(jì)量50實(shí)驗(yàn)(LD50)也可以被代替。在過(guò)去的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，實(shí)驗(yàn)群中所有的動(dòng)物被喂給一種物質(zhì)，直到其中一半死亡。這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明其毒性。一種用固定的數(shù)量可以得到相同的結(jié)論，但是使用較少動(dòng)物而且不使它們死亡的方法可能代替LD50?，F(xiàn)在已有許多其他的技術(shù)，可使更多的研究工作在試管中進(jìn)行，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)化學(xué)藥品是否產(chǎn)生有害的生物作用。

過(guò)去的20年里，實(shí)驗(yàn)室里實(shí)驗(yàn)中使用的動(dòng)物數(shù)量減少;其部分原因是由于可供選擇的方法多了，另外部分是由于實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)得更好，因?yàn)槭褂酶】档膭?dòng)物能產(chǎn)生更好的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，所以用的動(dòng)物減少了。例如，過(guò)去常用36只猴子來(lái)實(shí)驗(yàn)脊髓質(zhì)炎疫苗樣本，現(xiàn)在只用22只。缺少資料已使所使用的動(dòng)物數(shù)量減少了 ――購(gòu)買和使用動(dòng)物都很昂貴。

伯明翰大學(xué)現(xiàn)在設(shè)有英國(guó)首家生物醫(yī)學(xué)倫里學(xué)系。系里的大衛(wèi)?莫頓教授從事動(dòng)物研究，并對(duì)盡可能地減少動(dòng)物的痙很關(guān)心。動(dòng)物們?cè)诨\子里度過(guò)了他們 95%的時(shí)間，改良也意味闃不進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)