自學(xué)考試“高級(jí)英語”復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)（七）

　　三、英譯中：考核學(xué)生對難句的理解。

　　考核學(xué)生對難句的理解。

　　難句翻譯應(yīng)遵循的主要步驟如下：

　　1. 先判斷句子結(jié)構(gòu)，確定該句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句；

　　2. 如果是簡單句，找出關(guān)鍵詞：主謂賓或主系表；

　　3. 如果是并列句、復(fù)合句，找出各從句間的關(guān)系；

　　4. 分清從句層次，理清修飾成份之間的關(guān)系；

　　5. 區(qū)分各從句內(nèi)的關(guān)鍵詞；

　　6. 根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣，寫出譯文；

　　7. 略作潤色，使譯文通順；

　　8. 檢查校對，拾遺補(bǔ)漏。

　　如遇到生詞可采取下列辦法來力圖解決：

　　Guess Translation

　　1. 定義（ definition）

　　通過上下文給出的定義，考生可以將某些生詞的意思猜測出來。使定義與被定義的內(nèi)

　　容之間建立起關(guān)系的詞有： put it in another way，mean，in other words，that is，or，namely

　　等等。

　　2. 重述（restatement）

　　所謂重述是指作者用另外的詞，短語或句子將前面已述及的內(nèi)容再重述一下。據(jù)重述

　　內(nèi)容，考生可將前面內(nèi)容中的生詞的意思猜測出來。

　　3. 舉例（examples）

　　從such as，like，for example，for instance，等詞后所列舉的例子以及所表示的前后同

　　位關(guān)系可以猜測出一些單詞的詞意。

　　4. 對比（contrast）

　　從表示對立或相反的信號(hào)詞可以判斷某些詞語內(nèi)容前后意思對立或相反。根據(jù)這一點(diǎn)，

　　考生可以從其中一個(gè)詞猜測出另外一個(gè)詞的意思。

　　Word-formation

　　1. Depression can be treated by medication and psychotherapy. Ironically， antidepressants can have drowsiness as a side effect. （Reader‘s Digest Jan. 1996）

　　Psychotherapy（psycho + therapy）： 心理療法；精神療法； antidepressants （anti + depress + ant）： n.[醫(yī)]抗抑郁劑， 抗抑郁病藥

　　2. More recently he introduced himself into the debate on welfare reform by insisting that unwed motherhood， not joblessness， was the key problem.

　　Unwed （un + wed ）： 沒有結(jié)婚的，未婚的

　　Definition

　　1. As truck drivers have found， that can be dangerous， leading to microsleeps——brief periods， lasting one to ten seconds， when you‘re snoozing even though your eyes are open. （Reader’s Digest Jan. 1996）

　　microsleep： 短暫的昏睡（尤指失去正常睡眠者的陣發(fā)性昏睡， 通常僅持續(xù)1至10秒鐘）

　　2. A dune is a hill of loose sand heaped by the sand； a glacier is a field of ice formed from compacted snow.

　　Dune ： 沙丘； glacier冰河；冰川

　　Synonyms

　　1. Our uncle was roamer， an incurable wanderer who never could stay in one place.

　　Roamer = wanderer ： 流浪者， 漂泊者

　　2. Only last week the bank had discovered nearly a thousand dollars in counterfeit bills， source unknown. Their estimate was that thirty million dollars of bogus money had been produced the previous year. England and Canada were major supply sources of spurious US currency.

　　Counterfeit bills = bogus money = spurious US currency： 偽鈔

　　Antonym

　　1. Her moods seem to go from one extreme to the other—— from deepest apathy to unlimited enthusiasm.

　　Apathy：冷淡；漠不關(guān)心——enthusiasm：熱心；熱情

　　2. He may be dexterous at football， but he is very clumsy on the dance floor.

　　Dexterous：靈巧的（手）；敏捷的 ——clumsy：行動(dòng)笨拙的；手腳不靈活的

　　3. Unlike her gregarious sister， Jane is a shy， unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make friends.

　　Gregarious：愛群居的；愛社交的——unsociable：不善交際的； 孤僻的

　　Contrast

　　1. His son fell into ignominy because of his betrayal， whereas his daughter gained fame because of her heroism in defying the enemy.

　　Ignominy：無恥行為， 墮落行為，——fame：名聲， 聲望， 名氣

　　2. Most dentists‘ offices are drab places， but Emilio’s new office is a bright cheerful place.

　　Drab：單調(diào)， 乏味， 無生氣——bright：明亮的， 輝煌的， 歡快的

　　Explanation

　　1. It‘s just one more incredible result of the development of micro-processors——those tiny parts of a computer commonly known as silicon chip.

　　Micro-processors = tiny parts of a computer = silicon chip： 硅片

　　2. Mary felt perturbed； that is， she was greatly disturbed by her sister‘s actions.

　　Perturbed = disturbed：使心煩意亂；擾亂；使混亂

　　3. The floors were washed， the furniture oiled and polished， and the curtains freshly laundered； the whole house was in immaculate condition for the holidays.

　　Immaculate（。完美的） condition——the summary of the above

　　4. Henry field displayed his versatility in many ways： he was not only a novelist， he was also a dramatist， an essayist， and a political pamphleteer； he managed a theater and edited four newspapers； he was a learned authority on the law， an exceptionally able and efficient magistrate.

　　Versatility：多功能性——many different skills

　　Context and situation

　　1. In spite of the fact the fishermen were wearing sou‘westers， the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.

　　Sou‘wester ：一種后沿較寬可護(hù)頸之防水帽= southwester = long raincoat

　　2. Mozart gave his first public recital at the age of six. By the age of thirteen he had written symphonies and an operetta. He is justly called a child prodigy.

　　Prodigy：天才（特指神童） = gifted child

　　3. We‘ve discovered that there are two main types of human beings： “racehorses”， who thrive on stress and are happy only with a vigorous， fast-paced life-style， and “turtles”， who require peace， quiet and a generally tranquil environment.

　　Racehorse： 賽馬型的人

　　Turtles： 海龜型的人

　　例如2001年的考題：

　　Read the following passage carefully and translate the following sentences

　　The Birth of Computing： The Forgotten Father Figure

　　1） It seems curious that Charles Babbage is remembered today as the grandfather of computing， for Babbage never completed a single one of his clunky mechanical calculating machines， and his work was largely forgotten after his death in 1871. It was only with the construction of the first electronic computers in the 1940s， by people who were unaware of Babbage‘s work， that the groundbreaking nature of that work became apparent. Had Babbage never lived， in other words， the rise of the computer would have happened anyway. That is because today’s computers owe their ancestry not to Babbage but to the work of another 19th-century pioneer， Hermann Hollerith.

　　2） In contrast to Babbage， who wanted to automate the business of mathematical calculation， Hollerith was interested the field of date processing. Babbage intended his elaborate“calculating engines”to be used by scientists， in much the same way that specialist supercomputers are today. The particular application he had in mind was the production of error-free mathematical and astronomical tables. Hollerith， on the other hand， made his name building machines to handle an enormous data-processing task： the analysis of the results of the United States‘ census.

　　3） When the first American census took place in 1790， tabulating the date it collected took nine months. As the country‘s population grew larger， however， and the number of questions asked in each census increased， a problem of delay gradually emerged. The results of the 1880 census took seven years to compile—making them out of date by the time they were published.

　　4） This was unsatisfactory because， for example， seats in the House of Representatives were （and are） assigned according to census data. It became apparent that a new way would have to be found to compile the results of the 1890 census， in order to keep up with rapid demographic changes. Indeed， without a new approach the 1900 census would already have been under way by the time the 1890 results became available.